AP PSYCH VOCAB 5b: Mental and Physical health- PART 2

Meta analysis

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Evidence-based interventions

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics and preferences.

Therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem.

Psychotropic medication therapy

the use of medications that affect brain chemistry to help manage mental health disorders. These medications are prescribed to alter mood, perception, behavior, or cognition in individuals with conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD, and others.

Asylums

a facility or institution that provides shelter and care for people with mental illnesses.

Deinstitutionalization

the process, begun in the late twentieth century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities.

Psychological therapies

psychological techniques based on the different perspectives

Medical therapies

medication and surgery

Ethical principles

the rules and guidelines psychologists must follow to ensure that research and practice are safe, fair, and respectful. These principles are based largely on the standards set by organizations like the American Psychological Association (APA).

Nonmaleficence

ethical principle that requires psychologists to avoid causing physical, emotional, or psychological harm to the people they work with.

Fidelity

the ethical principle of being trustworthy, loyal, and responsible in professional relationships.

Integrity

ethical principle involving being honest, accurate, and truthful in all professional activities including research, therapy, teaching, and writing.

Respect

ethical principle meaning recognizing and honoring the value, privacy, autonomy, and diversity of all individuals.

Psychodynamic therapies

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.

Free association

a psychoanalytic technique where a person is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind without filtering or censoring their thoughts.

Dream interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in an effort to promote insight.

Unconscious mind

the part of the mind that holds thoughts, memories, feelings, and desires that are outside of conscious awareness but that still influence our behavior, emotions, and decisions.

Cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

Cognitive restructuring

a technique used in therapy to identify, challenge, and change negative or distorted thinking patterns.

Fear hierarchies

a therapeutic technique used to help individuals gradually confront and overcome their fears.

Cognitive triad

a concept to explain the negative thought patterns that contribute to depression

Applied behavior analysis

a therapeutic approach that uses principles of learning theory, particularly operant conditioning, to change behavior

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Biofeedback

a technique that teaches individuals to control physiological functions (such as heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure) by providing realtime feedback on these functions.

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

Systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias.

Aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats.

Cognitive behavioral therapies

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Dialectical behavior therapy

a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy to help individuals with borderline personality disorder and other emotional regulation issues.

Rational emotive behavior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.

Humanistic approach to therapy

emphasizes the individual's capacity for self-healing, personal growth, and the importance of self-awareness. It focuses on helping individuals achieve their highest potential by fostering a therapeutic environment that is warm, empathetic, and non-judgmental.

Person centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called client-centered therapy.)

Active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers’ person-centered therapy.

Unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (Also known as unconditional regard.)

Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.

Individual therapy

one on one therapy between a person and their therapist

Hypnosis

a state of focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and deep relaxation. It is a therapeutic technique used to help individuals achieve a state of heightened awareness and mental clarity,

Psychoactive medications

drugs that affect the brain’s chemistry and alter mood, thoughts, perception, and behavior. These medications are commonly prescribed to treat mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

Antidepressants

drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — SSRIs.)

Antianxiety disorders

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

Lithium

a medication primarily used to treat bipolar disorder, particularly in managing the manic episodes and helping to stabilize mood between the highs (mania) and lows (depression) of the disorder.

Antipsychotic medications

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders.

Tardive dyskinesia

a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the face, mouth, tongue, and sometimes other parts of the body. It is typically a side effect of long-term use of certain antipsychotic medications

Psychosurgery

a surgical intervention used to treat certain mental health disorders by altering the brain's structure or function. It is considered a last resort treatment for severe, treatment-resistant mental illnesses

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

a non-invasive therapeutic technique used in mental health psychology to treat certain mental health disorders, particularly depression, by using magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a medical procedure involving the use of electric currents to induce a brief seizure in the brain while the patient is under general anesthesia.

Lobotomy

a historical surgical procedure once used to treat various mental health disorders by severing connections in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, which is associated with mood, behavior, and decision-making

Lesion

damage or destruction of a part of the brain or nervous system. It can occur naturally due to injury or disease, or it can be induced in research settings to study the effects of damage to specific brain areas