UNIT 9.2

Subclasses inherit public methods from the superclass that they extend, but they cannot access the private instance variables of the superclass directly. And subclasses do not inherit constructors from the superclass. But inherited instance variables need to be properly initialized or none of the inherited methods are likely to work properly, so how can a subclass initialize the superclass’s private variables?

If the super class provides public setter methods for those variables the subclass could use those. But that won’t always be the case. And sometimes constructors do more complex initialization than just setting variables.

The way out is provided by the keyword super. When used like the name of a method, i.e. when followed with parentheses and arguments, super provides a way to call the code in a superclass constructor, passing whatever arguments it needs. But unlike when we call a constructor with new, a call to super doesn’t create a new object. Instead it runs the constructor’s code in the context of the object currently being constructed. This lets the superclass constructor initialize the instance variables declared in the superclass including private variables the subclass can’t directly access.

It’s critical that all the instance variables in an object be properly initialized before the object is used, including by code in the rest of the constructor. To ensure that, if the constructor doesn’t start with a call to super Java will automatically insert a call to super with no arguments. (That means if the superclass does not have a no-argument constructor that the subclasses will have to explicitly call super with the appropriate arguments for some constructor that does exist. This ensures that instances of the subclass are properly initialized.)

For example the call to super(theName) in Employee below runs the code in the Person constructor that takes a String argument which presumably initializes an instance variable in the Person class to hold the name.

**public** **class** **Employee** **extends** Person { **public** Employee(String theName) { **super**(theName); *// calls Person(String) constructor* } }

As you may recall from Unit 5, if you do not write a constructor your class will automatically get a default no-argument constructor. In addition to initializing all instance variables to the default value for their type, the default no-argument constructor calls the superclass’s no-argument constructor.

This means you can only write a class with a default no-argument constructor if its superclass has a no-argument constructor. If you are extending a class without a no-argument constructor but you want your class to have a no-argument constructor you will need to explicitly write one and use super to call an existing constructor on the superclass with appropriate arguments.

However it is created, explicitly or implicitly, the chain of super calls from each subclass to its superclass ends in the no-argument constructor of java.lang.Object. This is a special class defined in Java which is the superclass of any class that doesn’t explicitly extend some other class and the only class with no superclass and thus no super constructor that needs to be called.

Once the chain reaches the top, at Object it starts unwinding, with first the Object constructor code running, then the constructor from its subclass, and so on until finally the constructor of the actual class being constructed runs. At that point any inherited instance variables will have been initialized so the constructor can safely call inherited methods that depend on those variables.

Subclasses do not have access to the private instance variables in a superclass that they extend.

Constructors are not inherited.

A superclass constructor must be called from the first line of a subclass constructor by using the keyword super and passing appropriate parameters. If there is no explicit call to super an implicit call to super() will be added by the Java compiler.

The actual parameters passed in the call to super provide values that the superclass constructor can use to initialize the object’s instance variables.

Regardless of whether the superclass constructor is called implicitly or explicitly, the process of calling superclass constructors continues until the Object constructor is called. At this point, all of the constructors within the hierarchy execute beginning with the Object constructor.