sociology final

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called

latent functions.

A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it

ignores the influence of factors such as culture, class, gender, and race.

Which theoretical approach was used by the early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim?

the structural-functional approach

The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender. T or F

false

Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, African American families have less income than white families?

social-conflict approach

Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population

during times of social change.

When asked whether killing is good or bad, a sociology student responds that "it depends". This student's attitude towards killing is most likely shaped by:

the symbolic-interaction approach

Based on what you have learned about sociology so far, which of the following statements BEST illustrates the career advantage a person gains by studying sociology?

A police office understands which categories of people are at high risk of becoming crime victims

Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be

higher in rural areas.

Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach?

It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict.

The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the

structural-functional approach.

Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports?

how sports reflect social, economic, racial, and gender inequality

The concept "sociology" was coined in 1838 by

Auguste Comte.

Which of the following is a manifest function of sports?

providing recreation and physical conditioning

The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for

being openly political.

Based on your understanding of the topic (class and reading), Emile Durkheim would argue that people with a higher suicide rate typically have

lower social integration.

Refer to our classroom activity about how to decide the person to marry. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main point of the activity?

The choice of who to marry may seem like a personal decision but that choice is, in itself, influenced by social structures

Which concept is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior?

social structure

Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was

to bring about greater social justice.

The main characteristic of the _____ approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable.

structural-functional

Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional approach?

incorrectly assumes that all social institutions function to benefit society

What does the idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describe?

the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology

We would expect the sociological perspective to be MOST likely to develop in a place that was

experiencing many social changes.

Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach.

Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the

social-conflict approach.

Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?

symbolic-interaction approach

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as

manifest functions.

To say that a social pattern is "dysfunctional" means that it has more than one function for the operation of society. T or F

false

The _____ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad terms.

structural-functional and social-conflict

You are a sociologist who is interested in analyzing sports and notice that in the National Football League, players who play in certain positions tend to be predominantly from a particular racial group and tends to be paid differently from other players. Your view of the sport is most likely influenced by:

social conflict

Which of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline?

the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities

Who was the U.S. sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns?

Robert K. Merton

Based on information you have gained from this class, which of the staments below best describes the relationship between theory and research in the theory-research cycle?

Theory guides research, and research tests and refines theory.

Based on our class information, what did the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrate about human behavior?

 Situational factors and assigned roles can strongly influence behavior

Qualitative research has special appeal to investigators who favor the _________ approach.

symbolic-interaction

An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that:

the data may be limited because it was initially collected for a different purpose

Which statement best describes the inductive method in research?

It involves making observations and forming theories or generalizations based on those observations.

"A statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables" is the definition of which concept?

hypothesis

​__________ are people who provide data for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.

Respondents

What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation?

the Hawthorne effect

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher must

try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research.

Based on your understanding of sociological research methods, what characterizes the deductive method in research?

It starts with a theory or general principle and tests specific hypotheses derived from it.

According to our class, what is commonly the second step in the scientific method?

reviewing the literature

According to the ethnical guidelines for conducting sociological research, what is one of the standards that sociologists must adhere to in conducting research?

Safeguarding participants' right to privacy and dignity.

According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. __________ deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.​

Primary

According to the National Crime Victims Survey, which of these statements about crime victimization for the year 2014 is accurate?

There is no significant difference in male and female violent victimization rates.

According to George Herbert Mead, the preparatory stage occurs:

when children imitate the people around them, particularly family.

​__________ argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal.

​Conflict theorists

Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach, impression management, and face-work?

Erving Goffman

Sutherland’s __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

differential association

When a label of deviance is based on a person’s intentional or inadvertent actions, it is considered __________.

behavioral

The dramaturgical approach is:

a view of social interaction under which people are examined as if they were theatrical performers.

​People in which of these racial/ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics?

​African Americans

​From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate_______________.

​with the people who witness or judge the behavior

__________ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and involves force or the threat of force against others.

Violent

The ________ theory of deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweigh the risks.

rational choice

Which of the following best represents the cardinal argument of the Symbolic Interaction theory of deviance?

Deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions.

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.

As a primary agent of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

functionalist perspective

Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna (discussed under Socialization), the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing a trespassing violation. Applying Merton’s typology from strain theory, this behavior is an example of __________.​

rebellion

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

socialization

In his theory of Socialization, George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:

the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance?​

primary

Jean Piaget's theory of socialization mainly focuses on:

cognition, or how people think and understand.

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call

anticipatory socialization.

Which social scientist believed that people are in constant conflict between their natural impulsive instincts and societal constraints?

Sigmund Freud

A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to buy some clothes she wants. This teenager’s behavior is an example of __________.​

​innovation

​The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is __________.

stigma

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a “thief,” subsequently accepts that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________.​

​secondary deviance

Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.

anomie

​__________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.

​Rehabilitation

A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Jean Piaget?

sensorimotor

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.​

​labeling

In the video, "True Colors” that we watched in class, when John (the white guy) and Glen (the black guy) attempt to purchase a car, Glen is informed that the banks require a higher down payment from him that what the car dealer said to John. This unequal treatment is an example of: 

institutional discrimination.

Which of the following is a reasonable conclusion from our classroom activity “Drawing Pictures and Conclusions?” 

Our worldview is colored by our own cultural experiences

In Margaret Mead's classic study of gender-role behavior in New Guinea (discussed in the reading and class), she discovered that:

among the Tchambuli, gender roles for males and females are the opposite of what we would expect.

Based on our discussion of the video "True Colors," racial discrimination and prejudice in our society can be attributed to: 

age, socialization, and negative experiences

According to our video, "Men, Women, and the Sex Difference", toy preference tests show that girl with CAH (a hormonal defect known as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia):

Play more with boys' toys than with girls' toys

The chapter argues that gender is not just a matter of difference in behavior, but also of differences in

power, wealth, and privileges.

The concept of gender refers to

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.

You are a sociological theorist who notices that there are gender differences in domestic work (that women do more housework than men) but are more likely to argue that this helps society operate smoothly.

Structural functionalism

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages

growing gender equality.

On average, young men show greater ____ ability than young women; young women show greater _____ ability than young men.

mathematical; verbal

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to

the barrier that prevents women from being promoted.

Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men?

liberal feminism

The factor which accounts for the greatest share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States is

the type of work men and women do.

Feminists support all but one of the following. Which is the one statement that feminists do not support?

limiting sexual freedom

The category of the U.S. population in which women do most of the housework is

employed, married, people who have children.

What is a reason to see women as a minority in the United States?

At every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do.

When it comes to gender and schooling, sociological evidence shows that"

boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with a learning disability.

Which sociological perspective(s) emphasize(s) that the relationship between women and men has been one of unequal power, with men in a dominant position over women?

conflict and feminist perspectives

Racism is defined as:

a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.

Ethnocentrism refers to:

the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others.

Which sociological theory would argue that powerful people utilize prejudice to justify their oppression of minorities? 

Conflict theory 

German Americans, Italian Americans, and Norwegian Americans are all examples of:

ethnic groups.

“stereotype” is a (an): 

unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group 

apartheid

The former policy of the South African government that was designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites

A person proclaiming loudly that "all Black people are lazy, shiftless, and collect welfare" is an example of

stereotype

Genocide refers to the process of:

deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.