Pharmacology Practice: Bacterial Cell Wall Inhibitors, Antivirals, and Specialty Drugs

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes covering various pharmacologic agents, their clinical uses, adverse effects, and nursing implications.

Ampicillin

A Penicillin prototype used for gram - and gram + infections, respiratory infections, and H. pylori; requires assessment for allergies and should be taken with $8\,oz$ of water.

Imipenem-cilastatin

A Carbapenem prototype used for serious infections and sepsis; nursing implications include monitoring renal function and watching for seizures or CNS toxicity.

Cefazolin

A Cephalosporin prototype used for prophylaxis and Strep/Staph infections; patients may experience intolerance to alcohol and should evaluate kidney function.

Aztreonam

A Monobactam prototype used for gram - infections like sepsis and meningitis; requires monitoring of liver function due to potential elevated hepatic enzymes.

Vancomycin

An IV medication for MRSA and C.diff; notable for Red man Syndrome and the requirement to infuse over $60\,minutes$ while monitoring Peak and Trough levels.

Clindamycin

An antibiotic with a Black Box Warning for Fatal Colitis; used for severe internal organ or lung infections and requires monitoring for superinfection.

Metronidazole

Used for C.diff, STIs, and protozoal infections; key side effects include a metallic taste and dark urine, and alcohol must be avoided for $48\,hours$ after the last dose.

Tetracycline

A bacteriostatic Protein Synthesis Inhibitor used for acne and STIs; nursing implications include avoiding dairy/calcium, using sunscreen due to photosensitivity, and sitting upright for $30\,minutes$ after administration.

Erythromycin

A Macrolide prototype used for respiratory infections and pertussis; can cause a prolonged QT interval and should be taken on an empty stomach.

Gentamicin

An Aminoglycoside used for sepsis and bowel prep; known for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, requiring Peak and Trough monitoring.

Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim

A Sulfonamide used for UTIs; contraindicated in patients with sulfa allergies or during pregnancy, and requires maintaining high hydration.

Nitrofurantoin

A Urinary Tract Antiseptic that may cause urine discoloration and teeth staining; should be avoided in the elderly with impaired kidney function.

Ciprofloxacin

A Fluoroquinolone used for UTIs and anthrax; carries a risk of Achilles Tendon Rupture and should be infused slowly over $60\,minutes$.

Phenazopyridine

A Urinary Tract Analgesic that relieves pain and urgency; known to change urine to an orange or red color.

Isoniazid

An Antimycobacterial for TB; requires Vitamin B6 supplementation to prevent peripheral neuropathy and follow DOT Therapy.

Rifampin

A Broad Spectrum Antimycobacterial for TB known to cause discoloration of body fluids; requires monitoring of liver and kidney function.

Pyrazinamide

An Antitubercular medication used for TB that can lead to gout and hepatotoxicity.

Ethambutol

A Tuberculostatic drug for TB that carries risks of ocular and hepatic adverse effects.

Remedesvir

An antiviral for hospitalized COVID-19 patients with severe symptoms; requires monitoring of LFTs and renal function.

Tocilizumab

An IL-6 receptor antagonist used for severe COVID-19 with cytokine storm; carries an increased infection risk and requires screening for infections.

Baricitinib

A JAK inhibitor for hospitalized COVID-19 patients on oxygen; nursing implications include monitoring for blood clots (thrombosis).

Dexamethasone

A corticosteroid for severe COVID-19 requiring oxygen; side effects include fluid retention and hyperglycemia.

Paxlovid

An antiviral for mild-moderate COVID-19 in high-risk patients; notable for side effects like altered taste and potential rebound COVID.

Acyclovir

An antiviral used for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV; requires ensuring hydration to prevent nephrotoxicity.

Ganciclovir

Used for CMV and severe HSV; can cause bone marrow suppression and is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Ribavirin

An antiviral used for RSV and Hep C; side effects include hemolytic anemia and respiratory deterioration; contraindicated in pregnancy.

Amantadine Hydrochloride

Used for Influenza A; can cause orthostatic hypotension and blue molting, requiring cautious use in the elderly.

Oseltamivir

An antiviral for Influenza A and B that should be given with food; potential side effects include hallucinations and epistaxis.

Baloxavir Marboxil

Used for Influenza A and B; should be given with water and not taken during pregnancy or with antacids.

Raltegravir

An Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor for HIV-1; necessitates monitoring creatine kinase levels due to potential rhabdomyolysis.

Enfuvirtide

A Fusion Inhibitor for treatment-experienced HIV-1 patients; nursing duties include rotating injection sites to manage site reactions.

Maraviroc

A CCR5 Antagonist used only for CCR5 tropic HIV-1; requires monitoring for hepatotoxicity and orthostatic hypotension.

Zidovudine

An NRTI used for prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission; requires monitoring the CBC for bone marrow suppression.

Efavirenz

An NNRTI for HIV-1 that can cause vivid dreams and neuropsychiatric symptoms; should be taken at night to reduce CNS effects.

Saquinavir Mesylate

A Protease Inhibitor that requires monitoring for QT prolongation and blood glucose; should be administered with high-fat meals.

Lamivudine

An NRTI for Hep B that may cause hepatomegaly with steatosis or lactic acidosis.

Sofosbuvir

A Nucleotide Polymerase Inhibitor for Hep C; must be used with other antivirals and monitored for bradycardia.

Amphotericin B deoxycholate

A Polyene antifungal for severe infections; requires premedication for infusion reactions and monitoring for hypokalemia.

Fluconazole

An Azole antifungal for Candidiasis; nursing implications include monitoring liver function and assessing for rashes.

Caspofungin

An Echinocandin antifungal for invasive candidiasis that may cause histamine-mediated reactions.

Flucytosine

An Antimetabolite antifungal used in combination with amphotericin B; requires CBC monitoring for bone marrow suppression.

Griseofulvin

Used for Tinea infections of the skin/hair/nails; should be taken with a fatty meal and avoid alcohol.

Chloroquine Phosphate

An antimalarial that requires screening for vision problems due to potential retinopathy.

Mebendazole

An antihelminthic for intestinal worms; side effects include bone marrow suppression and abdominal pain.

Permethrin

A topical scabicide for lice and scabies; must be left on the skin for $8-14\,hours$.

Pyridostigmine

An Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor for Myasthenia Gravis; should be taken before meals to manage muscle weakness.

Donepezil

An Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor for Alzheimer's; should be taken at bedtime and monitored for bradycardia.

Memantine

An NMDA receptor antagonist for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's that helps manage cognitive function.

Aducanumab

An amyloid beta-directed antibody for early Alzheimer's that requires MRI monitoring and IV administration every $4\,weeks$.

Bethanechol

A Cholinergic Agonist for urinary retention; patients must take it on an empty stomach and void within one hour of administration.