Basics of Chemistry and Chemistry of Carbon and Water

Atomic number

number of protons

Atomic mass

number of protons and neutrons

Where protons and neutrons are found

Nucleus

Where electrons are found

Outside nucleus (electron cloud)

Primary elements that make up human body

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that differs in number of neutrons (different mass)

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom (needs 8)

Electronegativity

tendency of an atom to attract electrons

Electron energy

Potential

Ions

electrons change

Cation

loss of electrons (+)

Anion

gain of electrons (-)

Equilibrium

equal rates of reactants

Synthesis (combination)

Two or more combine to form one

Decomposition

One breaks down into two or more

Single replacement

Single element switches places with an element from a compound

Double replacement

Two elements from two compounds switch to form new compounds

Redox

electrons move from one to another

Oxidation

oxygen is added (loss of electrons)

Reduction

oxygen is removed (gain of electrons)

Combustion

type of redox where a fuel reacts with an oxidant, releasing energy as heat/light

Ionic bond

unequal sharing of electrons

Covalent bond

sharing of electron pairs

Metallic bond

electrostatic attraction between metal cations and electrons

Hydrogen bond

dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between lone pair of highly electronegative atom and hydrogen atom

Organic chemistry

study of carbon compounds

Isomer

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element, but different structures (different properties)

Structural

differs in covalent arrangement of atoms

Geometric

same covalent partnerships but different spacial arrangements

Enantiomers

mirror images of each other

Hydroxyl

-OH (alcohols)

Carbonyl

>C=O (ketons/aldehydes)

Carboxyl

-COOH (acids)

Amino

-NH₂ (amines)

Sulfhydryl

-SH (thiols)

Phosphate

-OPO₃²⁻ (organic phosphates)

Methyl

-CH₃ (methylated compounds)

Water molecule

2 single covalent bonds (H2O)

Hydrophilic

water loving

Hydrophobic

water repelling

Sweating

cools the body because of water’s high heat and strong hydrogen bonding

Aqueous solution

mixture when substance is dissolved in water

Cohesion

attraction between same molecule

Adhesion

attraction between different molecules

Surface tension

tendency to stretch or break surface of liquid

Capillary action

movement of liquid through a narrow space against gravity

Heat

based on total kinetic energy; depends on volume

Temperature

based on average kinetic energy; independent of volume

Acid

substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Base

substance the decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

pH scale

logarithmic scale; lower the number, higher the hydrogen ion concentration

Buffer

substance that minimizes change in concentration of H+ and OH-