Proteins

what percent of the body does protein make up?

FOund in what % of cells

20%

100%

how many different amino acids are there?

20

What 3 elements are found in all macronutrients?

What is the additional element in proteins

HCO

Nitrogen in protein

what makes each amino acid different?

their side chain

How many nonessential amino acids are there?

How many essential amino acids are there?

11 not required because the body synthesizes

9 required to be in diet

There are conditionally essential amino acids.

How are proteins like carbohydrates and fats?

How are they different?

Made up of repeating subunits(polymers)

but they are not all the same subunits, 20 different

Steps of protein building?

what happens in each?

Transcription -DNA-mRNA

Translation mRNA ro amino acid in polypeptide chain

Protein folding - folding of chain into 3 dimentional shapes

what is a primary protein structure?

polypeptide chain held by peptide bonds

what is a secondary protein structure? how are they held together?

The poly peptide chain forms in helices and sheetsdetermined by chemical interactions of amino acids

What is tertiary protein structure?

side chains interact 3D

what is quaternary protein structure?

in some proteins, multiple folds, subunits make one functional protein

what causes denaturation? 4

Changes in pH,

exposure to heavy metals,

alcohol,

heat,

example of denaturation?

Liquid egg white to solid.

how are sequence shape and function related of amino acids?

example of wrong sequence could effect?

Amino acid sequence determines the shape of a protein, and the shape determines function.

Sickle cell anemia, RBC are shaped and function differently

Example of structure proteins

Actin, Myosin, collagen, elastin, keratin

Function of Structure proteins

Give Tissues (bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin, muscles)

strength and structure.

Examples of Enzyme Proteins

Amylase, Lipase, pepsin, lactase.

Function of Enzymes

Digest macronutrients into smaller monomers that can be absorbed; performs steps in metabolic pathways to allow for nutrient utilization.

Examples of Hormone proteins

Insulin, glucagon, thyroxine

Function of Hormone function?

Chemical messengers that travel in blood and coordinate processes around the body

Examples of fluid, Acid/base proteins

Albumin, Hemoglobin

Functions of Fluid pH balence proteins

Maintains appropriate balance of

fluids and pH in different body compartments_.

Examples of Transport proteins

Hemoglobin, albumin,

.

Protein channels, carrier-proteins

Function of transport proteins

Carry substances around the body in the blood or lymph; help molecules cross cell __membranes_.

Examples of Defense proteins

Collagen,

lysozyme,

antibodies

Function of defense proteins?

Protect the body from foreign pathogens_.

what percent of dietary proteins are used for energy?

about 10%

Downside of using amino acids for energy?

can’t use them to make proteins

What is gluconeogenesis?

formation of amino acids to glucose, put through Krebs cycle

RDA for protien of sedentary adult?

0.8g/kgBW or 0.36g/lbs

AMDR of protein?

10-35%

who may have higher protein needs

growing children and adolescents

women who are pregnant, protein for the fetus

lactating women,            

athletes

Recommendation of protein from Academy of nutrition and dietetics, Dietitions of Canada, American college of sports medicine for athletes?

1.2-2g/kg

0.54-0.91g/lbs.

What is Nitrogen balance and who has them?

Equal N in vs out

most health people

Negative Nitrogen Balance?

H in less than H out

People with to little protein, muscular dystrophy and cancer can be common causes

Posetive Nitrogen Balence, who has it

Nitrogen in less then Nitrogen out

Healing from a wound to repair and build new tissues.

where does extra nitroggen go?

Converted to amonia, Urea, then out as Pee or poop

How much protein do refined grains contain?

whole food best then refined, some sugars and oils have non

exanple of complementray proteins

peaunut butter a toast and soup.

what food protein is absorbed better and why might someone choose plant based?

animal protein,

what occurs in the stomach for protein digestion?

HCl denatures the protein (unfold, function changes too)

The enzyme pepsin will break up chains into small sections

What occurs in the small intestine for protein digestion?

Pancreas releases Chymotrypsin and Trypsin

Trypsin activates other enzynes called proteases

Together, these enzymes break down proteins to tripeptides, dipeptides, single amino acids

Enterocytes break down polypeptides

Enterocytes use active transport to absorb then break down tri and di to amino acids where transfered to the bloodstream

where do proteins go once in the bloodstream?

they go to the liver (as do many other macronutrients)

How will amino acids be used when the body has enough glucose?(4) N

Protein synthesis in cells around the body

Making nonessential amino acids needed for protein synthesis

Making other nitrogen-containing compounds

Rearranged and stored as fat (there is no storage form of protein)

How will amino acids be used when the body does not have enough glucose?

Rearranged into glucose for fuel for the brain and red blood cells

Metabolized as fuel, for an immediate source of ATP

What is deamination?

removal of nitrogen from amino acids, to makie ATP, glucose or fat

Occurs in the liver and kidneys

What is Kwashiorkor

is a deficiency of protein.

It is characterized by: swelling feet and abdomen, poor skin health, poor growth, low muscle mass, liver malfunction

What is Marasmus?

Marasmus is a deficiency of both calories and protein.

It is characterized by: extreme emaciated appearance, poor skin health, poor growth, increased risk of infection.

What is Marasmus kwashiorkor?

(a combined syndrome) where the main cause of death is due to infection.

what populations are protein deficeincys common in in the US? How much

Adolescent Girls 14-18 23%

Adolescent Boys 14-18 11%

Elderly Women 71+ 19%

Elderly Men 71+ 13%

Are osteoporosis and kidney function a concern for healthy individuals with a high protein diet?

No, unless they have kidney disease already.

Animal or plant protein better for environment per gram of protein?

Plant

Which are the most resource-intensive sources of protein?

Beef and lamb, emmisions too.

what are some important roles of animal agriculture?

Fertilizer

what is antibiotic resistance?

The bacteria has adapted to be resisitant to vaccine

What has contributed to the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

The overuse of antibiotics in human and animal agriculture

how can antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread?

bacteria in meat, animal feces, water for irrigating frutis and veggies. Handling or eating food with infection

what tips can you use to avoid getting sick with antibiotic resistant bacteria?

.

How long can you wait till meat enters fridge?

Antibiotics only when needed

Cook to high temp

Clean hands and surfaces,

Chill meat 1-2 hours after cooking

Separate foods and utinsles

wash after animal contact, with poop, and animal environments

How can our purchasing habits help with antibiotic resistance?

Law that no antibiotics are not used. Certified organic, bacteria can spread

Which types of fish have the highest levels of mercury and should be avoided by pregnant women and growing children?

Top of the food chain,

king mackerel,

shark,

swordfish,

marlin,

bigeye tuna

orange roughy,

tilefish,

What are some examples of fish with low levels of mercury?

Most others at least once a week, if not 2 or 3