TOEFL-Astronomy

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Last updated 6:56 AM on 9/5/25
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59 Terms

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unanimously
With complete agreement from everyone 一致地;無異議地 Craters were unanimously thought to be volcanic in origin.
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topography
The arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area 地形 Lunar topography had been studied minutely for centuries.
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craters
Bowl-shaped depressions, esp. those made by meteor impacts or volcanoes 隕石坑;火山口 Circular craters dominate the Moon’s surface.
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minutely
In great detail; precisely 細緻地;詳盡地 The Moon was examined minutely by generations of observers.
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dissenting (voice)
Expressing a different or opposing opinion 持異議的(聲音) Robert Hooke was a dissenting voice against the volcanic model.
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postulated
Suggested or assumed as a basis for reasoning 假設;提出 Hooke postulated that impacts formed the craters.
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sway
To influence or change someone’s opinion 影響;左右 His idea did little to sway majority opinion.
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depth-to-diameter (ratio)
Comparison between a crater’s depth and its width 深徑比 Gilbert analyzed depth-to-diameter ratios of lunar craters.
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ratios
Proportional relationships between two quantities 比率 The ratios supported an impact origin.
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puddle
A small pool of liquid 水坑 Rock rebound was compared to drops hitting a puddle.
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flung out
Thrown out forcefully 被拋出 Material was flung out as impact ejecta.
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impact
Collision of a meteor or object with a surface 撞擊;衝擊 Meteor impact can create circular craters.
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impact ejecta
Debris expelled during a high-speed collision 撞擊噴射物 Bright rays are formed by impact ejecta.
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intact
Unchanged; whole 完好無缺的 The volcanic hypothesis remained intact for decades.
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projectiles
Objects (meteors) thrown forward at high speed 拋射體 Large projectiles often vaporize on impact.
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vaporize
To change from solid/liquid to gas 汽化 Meteors may vaporize completely on impact.
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blast out
To expel violently, like in an explosion 爆破;猛烈噴出 Volcanic gases can blast out large volumes of fragments.
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aprons
Fan-shaped deposits of ejecta around a crater (火山/隕石)碎屑坡 Volcanic aprons have first-erupted material at the bottom.
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first-erupted
Describing material expelled earliest during an eruption 最先噴出的 Volcanic aprons show first-erupted rocks at the base.
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flap
A layer or sheet folded back 翻覆層 Meteor ejecta formed an inverted flap around the rim.
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rim
The edge or border of a crater 邊緣;槽口 Drilling through the rim would encounter repeated layers.
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strata
Layers of rock 地層 Shoemaker found strata peeled back like petals.
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been peeled back
(Layers) folded or rolled away from a center 被掀起;剝離 The strata seemed to have been peeled back from the crater.
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shattered
Broken into many pieces 粉碎的;破裂的 Rocks were shattered and cemented by glass.
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cemented
Bound together into a solid mass 黏結;膠結 Shattered rocks were cemented by impact-generated glass.
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made a case
Presented evidence or arguments in favor of something 提出論據;為…辯證 Shoemaker made a case that Copernicus Crater was an impact site.
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Before the decade was out
Before ten years had passed (here: before the 1960s ended) 在這十年結束之前 Before the decade was out, most scientists accepted the impact origin.
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accretion
聚積作用;(天體)吸積
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accretion zone
吸積區;行星物質聚集帶
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collision model
碰撞模型;月球形成理論之一
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collisional origin
碰撞起源說
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core formation
地核形成過程
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crust
地殼
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depleted
耗竭的;含量大幅降低的
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differentiated
(天體)分異的;已分層的
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ejected debris
噴出碎片;撞擊後拋射物
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impact projectile (impactor)
撞擊體;撞擊小行星
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iron core / metallic iron core
金屬鐵質地核
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isotope ratio
同位素比值
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mantle
地函;地幔
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mean density
平均密度
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molten iron
熔融鐵
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planetary scientist
行星科學家
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radioactive decay
放射性衰變
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siderophile elements
親鐵元素(如金、鉑、銥)
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trace elements
微量元素
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violent impact
劇烈撞擊
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water‑poor (dry) lunar samples
月球岩石缺水特性
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Wetherill’s modeling
韋瑟里爾的行星形成模型
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meager

微薄的量或效率,通常指資源或支持不足。

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metallic

與金屬有關的,通常指金屬的特性或含量。

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plummeted
驟降;快速下跌
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assortment
各式各樣;混合物
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constituents
成分;組成要素
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allusion
暗指;間接提及
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refractory
耐高溫的;難治的;倔強的
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pristine
原始的;未受污染的;純樸的
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lumps
塊狀物;腫塊
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depletion
耗盡;枯竭