Grade 10 Chemistry - Important Inorganic Compounds

Vocabulary flashcards covering key inorganic chemistry concepts including oxides, acids, bases, salts, pH, and plant nutrients.

Inorganic compound

A compound that does not contain carbon, except simpler compounds of carbon like oxides (e.g., $CO_2$), carbonates (e.g., $CaCO_3$), and carbides (e.g., $SiC$), generally consisting of mineral constituents of the earth or found in nonliving things.

Oxide

A binary compound containing oxygen and any other element (metal, non-metal, or metalloid).

Acidic oxide

An oxide formed by the chemical combination of oxygen with non-metals (Groups 14–17) that dissolves in water to form an acidic solution or neutralizes basic oxides.

Basic oxide

An oxide composed of metals and oxygen that exhibits basic properties, dissolving in water to form alkaline solutions or reacting with acids to yield a salt and water.

Amphoteric oxide

An oxide that exhibits both acidic and basic behavior, reacting with both strong acids and strong bases to form salt and water.

Neutral oxide

An oxide that reacts neither with acids nor with bases to form salt and water.

Peroxide

A compound containing oxygen with an oxidation number of $-1$, featuring a direct $\text{-O-O-}$ linkage between oxygen atoms.

Arrhenius acid

A substance that releases hydrogen ions ($H^+$) or hydronium ions ($H_3O^+$) when dissolved in an aqueous solution.

Monoprotic acid

An acid that contains only one ionizable hydrogen atom per molecule in aqueous solution.

Polyprotic acid

An acid containing more than one ionizable hydrogen atom per molecule in aqueous solution.

Diprotic acid

An acid containing two ionizable hydrogen atoms per molecule in aqueous solution.

Triprotic acid

An acid containing three ionizable hydrogen atoms per molecule in aqueous solution.

Binary acid

An acid composed of only two different elements: hydrogen and a non-metal.

Ternary acid

An acid composed of three different elements, usually hydrogen, oxygen, and a non-metal.

Strong acid

An acid that completely dissociates into ions in an aqueous solution.

Weak acid

An acid that dissociates only partially in an aqueous solution.

pH

The negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions, expressed as $pH = -\log[H^+]$.

Arrhenius base

A substance that produces hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) when dissolved in water.

Alkali

A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in aqueous solution.

Strong base

A base that is almost completely ionized in aqueous solution to yield hydroxide ions ($OH^-$).

Weak base

A base that is only partially ionized into its cations and anions in aqueous solution.

pOH

The negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydroxide ions, expressed as $pOH = -\log[OH^-]$.

Salt

An ionic compound formed when the ionizable hydrogen of an acid is partly or completely replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions ($NH_4^+$).

Normal salt

A salt formed by the complete replacement of all ionizable $H^+$ ions of an acid by a positive metal ion or $NH_4^+$ ion.

Acidic salt

A salt formed by the partial replacement of replaceable $H^+$ ions of an acid by a positive metal ion.

Basic salt

A salt formed by the incomplete neutralization of a polyhydroxy base by an acid, retaining ionizable hydroxide ions.

Hygroscopic salt

A salt that absorbs water from the atmosphere but remains in the solid state.

Deliquescent salt

A salt that absorbs water from the atmosphere to form a solution.

Efflorescent salt

A salt that loses its water of crystallization to the atmosphere.

Neutralization reaction

The chemical reaction between an acid and a base (or basic oxide) to form a salt and water.

Macronutrients

Essential plant elements required in relatively large amounts, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Micronutrients

Essential plant elements required in trace amounts, including iron, cobalt, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, copper, boron, and chlorine.

Fertilizers

Materials added to soils to increase the growth, yield, or nutritional value of crops.

Pesticides

Chemicals applied to crops to kill pests that affect plant growth and development.

Herbicides

Chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable plants (weeds).