UNDERSTANDING THE SELF : THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

is the construction of thought processes, including memory, problem-solving and decision-making from infancy, adolescence through adulthood.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

refers to how a person, through his/her interaction of genetic and learned influences, perceives, thinks and develops understanding of their environment. The areas under this development are as follows:  information processing, knowledge, reasoning, language development and memory.

JEAN PIAGET

He proposed that children’s learning and development are influenced by several factors, which include SCHEMAS.

SCHEMA

refers to the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and acquiring knowledge. These are essentially categories of knowledge that help individuals interpret and make sense of the world around them.

SCHEMA

may include past experiences, personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, social roles, own observations and feedback from others

ASSIMILATION

is the process of integrating new information into our existing schemas where we tend to adjust and modify new experiences to fit our preexisting beliefs.

ACCOMODATION

involving altering our existing schemas or creating new schemas in response to new information or experiences. This process entails modifying or changing our ideas based on new knowledge acquired.

EQUILIBRATION

explains how a child moves from one thought to the next.

JEAN PIAGET

Proposed that cognitive development occurs through a series of universal stages that always follow the same order, each building on what was learned in the previous stage.

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE

Knowledge of the world is limited but developing and intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols.

PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE

Thinking is done in a non-logical way, non-reversible manner and egocentric thinking predominates.

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE

Intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects and egocentric thought diminishes.

FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE

Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts, although many people do not reach this stage.

 

WILLIAM JAMES

In his publication in 1890 of the book Principles of Psychology, he a well-known American psychologist formulated a theory of self-awareness. He dissected the components of the SELF, diving it into “I” and “ME” and elucidating the distinctions and significance of each (Psychology of Personality Period 8 , n.d

WILLIAM JAMES

He proposed the THEORY OF SELF

WILLIAM JAMES

He divided the “Me” part of the self into three types: material self, social self and spiritual self

MATERIAL SELF

refers to the aspects of oneself related to physical possessions such as one’s body, clothes and belongings. It is also the source of a person's self-esteem, as people tend to evaluate their worth based on their possessions and physical attributes.

SOCIAL SELF

refers to the aspects of oneself that are influenced by the social environment, such as: one’s reputation, social roles and relationships. The social self is shaped by the opinions and expectations of others, it includes various identities and roles that a person plays in the society, such as being a parent, student or employee

SPIRITUAL SELF

According to James is the most important part of the self. It refers to a person’s innermost being, their thoughts, feelings and experiences that define who they are as a unique person. It is not easily observable, and is not influenced by external factors such as possessions, or social roles. Instead, it is a person’s most private and intimate self, the part of them that is most difficult to describe of understand.

WILLIAM JAMES

He gave a very interesting perspective on the self and was among the first to coin the term SELF-ESTEEM (it is a person’s over-all self-evaluation or sense of self-worth).

GLOBAL SELF-ESTEEM

is a personality variable that represents the way people generally feel about themselves. It is a decision people make about their worth as a person

TRAIT SELF-ESTEEM

GLOBAL SELF ESTEEM aka ___

STATE SELF-ESTEEM

refers to temporary feelings or momentary emotional reactions to positive and negative events where we feel good or bad about ourselves during situations or experiences.

FEELINGS OF SELF WORTH

STATE SELF ESTEEM or ___

DOMAIN SELF-ESTEEM

is focused on how people evaluate their various abilities and attributes. Making distinctions or differentiation on how good or bad people are in specific physical attributes, abilities and personal characteristics.

SELF EVALUATION

DOMAIN SELF ESTEEM or ___

SIGMUND FREUD

According to him, THERE ARE TWO SELVES, ONE CONSCIOUS, ONE UNCONSCIOUS

SIGMUND FREUD

He devised the tripartite of the mind:

1. ID

2. EGO

3. SUPEREGO

ID

represents the biological structure

SUPEREGO

represents the socio-cultural environment

EGO

the part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity. The ego is being the self.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Composed of

1. ORAL STAGE

2. ANAL STAGE

3. PHALLIC STAGE

4. LATENCY STAGE

5. GENITAL STAGE

ORAL STAGE

Stage of development where the erogenous zone is the MOUTH

ORAL PASSIVE

passive, agrees most of the time, hates confrontation and has a fear of rejection

ORAL AGGRESSIVE

mouth based aggression, using bad words or foul words to express one’s emotion

ANAL STAGE

Stage of Development where the erogenous zone is the ANUS

ANAL RENTENTIVE

tends to be a perfectionist, organized and detailed oriented, thrifty

ANAL EXPULSIVE

tends to be messy, disorganized but generous

PHALLIC STAGE

Stage of Development where the erogenous zone is the GENITAL AREA

OEDIPUS COMPLEX

boys-seeking characteristics like their mothers

ELECTRA COMPLEX

seeking characteristics like their fathers

LATENCY STAGE

Stage of Development where the erogenous zone is the Secondary Sex Characteristics

GENITAL STAGE

Stage of Development where the WHOLE BODY is the erogenous zone

GENITAL STAGE

In this stage the fixations include MATING, DATING & SOCIAL INTERACTION

KAREN HORNEY

with her FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY, established that a person has an:

 ‘IDEAL SELF’, ‘ACTUAL SELF AND THE ‘REAL SELF’.

She believed that everyone experiences the basic anxiety through which we experience conflict and strive to cope and employ tension reduction approaches.

IDEALIZED SELF-IMAGE

an imaginary picture of the self as the possessor of unlimited powers and superlative qualities is developed

ACTUAL SELF

is the person in everyday life, often despised because it fails to fulfill the requirement of the idealized image.

REAL SELF

which is revealed only as a person begins to shed the various technique developed to deal with basic anxiety and find ways of resolving conflicts.Thus, REAL SELF is not an entity but a ‘force’ that impels growth and realization

CARL ROGERS

Also known for his CLIENT CENTERED THERAPY

CARL ROGERS

He asserted that we have 2 selves.

IDEAL SELF

revolves around goals and ambitions in life, is dynamic, the idealized image that we have developed over time.

IDEAL SELF

Our ___ self is essential in guiding and motivating us to behave in a way that would lead us to the best version of who we want to be.

POSSIBLE SELF

are developed from past experiences, current behavior, and future expectations”

POSSIBLE SELF

are one’s conceptions about the kind of persons one might become in the near future”

POSSIBLE SELF

Sometimes, however, this self is/are negative and represent what you fear you might become”

CONGRUENCE

refers to the alignment of an individual’s actual behavior or self-image with their ideal self or who they aspire to be

ANXIETY

Lack of congruence will resut in?

DONALD WINNICOT

Distinguished the ‘true self’ from the ‘false self’ in the human personality, considering the TRUE SELF as based on a sense of being in the experiencing body

KENNETH GERGEN

argued that having a flexible sense of self in different context is more socially adaptable than force oneself to stick to one self-concept.

MULTIPLE SELVES

are the capacities we carry within us from multiple relationships. These are not ‘discovered’ but rather ‘created’ in our relationships with other people

UNIFIED SELVES

well-being comes when our personality dynamics are congruent, cohesive and consistent. It is understood that a person is essentially connected with selfhood and identity.

TRUE SELF

this has a sense of integrity, connected wholeness.

FALSE SELF

is a necessary defensive organization, a survival kit, a caretaker of the self, how a threatened person has managed to survive.

NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY

The unhealthy false self can lead towards ‘__________’ which identifies with external factors at the cost of one’s own autonomous creativity.

AGENT SELF

It is known as the executive function that allows for actions. This is how we make choices and utilize our control in situations and actions. It resides over everything that involves decision making, self-control, taking charge in situations and actively responding

HUMAN AGENCY

Is an active process of exploring, manipulating and influencing the environment in order to attain desired outcomes

ALBERT BANDURA

He noted some of the core features of the human agency

INTENTIONALITY

One of the core features of human agency that acts a person performs intentionally

FORETHOUGHT

One of the core features of human agency that sets goals, anticipation of outcomes of actions, selection of behaviors to produce desired outcomes and avoiding undesirable ones

SELF-REACTIVENESS

One of the core features of human agency that monitors progress toward fulfilling choices

SELF-REFLECTIVENESS

One of the core features of human agency that examines own functioning, evaluation of the effect of other people’s action on them

SELF-EFFICACY

One of the core features of human agency, it lies in the center of Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. It is the measure of one’s ability to complete goals.