Normal Speech and Language: Exam

Normal Speech and Language Development - 264

Pidgin

A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages, usually incorporating key words from both languages with little to no grammar.

Creole

A language that has developed from a pidgin, combining elements of two or more languages into a new language with unique grammar.

Accent

A variation in pronunciation of a language that can indicate regional or social differences.

Dialect

A particular form of a language that is specific to a region or social group, encompassing variations in vocabulary and grammar.

Decreolization

The process by which a Creole language becomes more aligned with the dominant language of a culture, evolving into a primary language.

Active Voice

A sentence structure where the subject performs the action of the verb (e.g., 'The dog bit the girl').

Passive Voice

A sentence structure where the focus is on the action being performed on the subject, often making the agent less clear (e.g., 'The girl was bitten by the dog').

Reversible Nouns

Nouns in a sentence that can switch places without changing the meaning (e.g., 'The cat was chased by the dog' vs 'The dog was chased by the cat').

Nonreversible Nouns

Nouns in a sentence that cannot switch places without resulting in nonsensical or impossible meanings (e.g., 'The window was broken by the boy').

Horizontal Vocabulary Expansion

Increasing the range of words a child knows by adding more specific semantic features to words (e.g., differentiating between various types of cups).

Vertical Vocabulary Expansion

Deepening a child's understanding of word meanings, including abstract or specialized usages (e.g., understanding glass as both a material and a container).

Metalinguistic Awareness

The ability to think about and reflect on the nature and functions of language, including recognizing language as an arbitrary code.

Ex: Simile, Hyperbole, Idioms, Proverbs.

Narrative Development

The process through which children learn to tell stories and recount events, which includes elements like structure, setting, and character.

Standard Dialect

The form of a language typically used in formal settings and associated with higher social status and education.

Nonstandard Dialect

Variations of a language that are not typically used in formal contexts but represent cultural identity and community. (Slangs)

Language Difference

Variations in language use that arise due to the influence of a person's first language (L1) and cultural background.

Language Disorder

A condition that results in impaired expressive or receptive language abilities, affecting communication skills.

Chunking

The cognitive process of categorizing words or information into manageable units based on their semantic relationships.

Embedding

A complex syntactic development stage where additional descriptive elements are integrated into sentences, enhancing their complexity.

Conjunction Development

The process of learning to use conjunctions to connect phrases and clauses, which contributes to more sophisticated sentence structures.

Hart and Risley Study

A research study highlighting the '30 million Word Gap,' showing that children from professional families hear significantly more words than those from welfare families, impacting vocabulary and cognitive development.

Anaphoric Reference

A linguistic term referring to the use of pronouns or other expressions to refer back to elements mentioned earlier in the discourse, aiding coherence.

Brown's 14 Grammatical Morphemes

A set of grammatical markers that help assess a child's language development and illustrate if the child is developing grammar and syntax in accordance with their age. These morphemes include elements like plural -s, possessive -s, and past tense -ed.