Second Great Awakening and Antebellum Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival from 1790s to 1840s in America.

Charles G Finney

Famous preacher who converted 100,000 in 1830-1831.

Lyman Beecher

Held camp meetings to promote societal improvement.

Temperance Movement

Campaign to ban alcohol for moral reasons.

Maine Prohibition Law

First state to pass prohibition law in 1851.

Prison Reform

Shift from harsh punishment to rehabilitation focus.

Auburn Prison

First modern prison with individual cells, 1819.

Walnut Street Prison

First US prison built post-Revolutionary War.

Dorothea Dix

Advocated for improved treatment of the mentally ill.

Asylums

Institutions built for the care of the insane.

Evangelical Methodism

Post-Awakening denomination emphasizing individual choice.

Women's Rights Movement

Advocacy for legal rights and equality for women.

Abigail Adams

Urged John Adams to consider women's rights.

Mississippi Married Women's Property Act

First law allowing married women to own property.

Georgia Female College

First college for women, opened in 1839.

Betty Allen Case

Protected property rights of married women in court.

Camp Meetings

Gatherings for religious revival and conversion.

Public Education Expansion

Growth of public schools across the US by 1860.

Literacy and the Bible

Emphasis on reading as essential for religious understanding.

Solitary Confinement

Prisoners kept isolated, leading to inhumane conditions.

Women in Workforce

Limited to roles like secretary and clerk.

Legal Rights for Women

Women lacked rights to vote, own land, or divorce.

Influence of Religion

Religion shaped various reform movements in the 19th century.

Roosevelt

First President with a female secretary in 1930s.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights convention in US history, 1848.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Key figure in women's rights, authored Declaration of Sentiments.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document asserting equality of men and women, 1848.

49ers

Gold seekers who moved to California in 1849.

Compromise of 1850

Legislation addressing slavery and California's statehood.

Fugitive Slave Law

Law aiding slave owners in recapturing escaped slaves.

Nativists

Anti-immigration group opposing non-native voting rights.

Mormons

Religious group led by Brigham Young to Utah.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in US divine right to expand westward.

Oregon Trail

2000-mile route from Missouri to Oregon City.

Donner Party

Group known for cannibalism during westward journey.

Election of 1844

Polk's victory promoting Manifest Destiny principles.

Polk's Slogan

54-40 or Fight, advocating for territorial expansion.

Philadelphia Nativist Riots

1844 violence against Catholics and their properties.

Immigration Surge

Increase from 600,000 in 1830s to 2.6 million in 1850s.

Irish Immigration

Driven by potato famine, settled mainly in North.

German Immigration

Food shortages led Germans to settle in Midwest.

Compromise of 1850 Components

California free state, territories with slavery question.

Zachary Taylor

President supporting California's immediate admission as free.

Brigham Young

Leader of Mormons who settled in Utah.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

Railroads

Facilitated westward expansion, primarily for affluent.

Telegraph

Improved communication, aiding westward migration.

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California for gold, 1849.

Texas Annexation

Incorporation of Texas into the US, 1845.

Slave Trade Abolished

Banned in Washington DC as part of 1850 Compromise.

Lucretia Mott

Abolitionist and women's rights advocate at Seneca Falls.

California Population Growth

Increased from 18,000 to 165,000 in three years.

American (Know-Nothing) Party

Anti-immigration party formed in 1854.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 slave revolt in Virginia led by Nat Turner.

Abolition Movement

Campaign to end slavery in the United States.

The Liberator

Abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison.

Frederick Douglass

Runaway slave and prominent abolitionist leader.

Virginia Slave Laws

Harsher laws enacted after Nat Turner's Rebellion.

Remember the Alamo

1836 battle for Texas independence from Mexico.

Gag Rule

Prohibited slavery debate in Congress (1836-1844).

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended Mexican-American War; established Rio Grande boundary.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed ban on slavery in territories from Mexico.

Gold Rush

Started in 1848; mass migration to California.

Popular Sovereignty

Settlers decide on slavery in new territories.

Bleeding Kansas

Violence over slavery in Kansas territory.

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court ruled slaves are property, not citizens.

Underground Railroad

Network aiding escaped slaves to freedom.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 debates focused on slavery and its expansion.

John Brown

Abolitionist who led raid at Harpers Ferry.

Lincoln's Election

1860 election that led to Southern secession.

Mexican American War

Conflict over Texas annexation and territory disputes.

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator who promoted popular sovereignty in territories.

Martin Van Buren

Free Soil candidate opposing slavery expansion.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Required return of escaped slaves to owners.

Congressional Opposition

Northern congressmen opposed Mexican-American War motives.

Civil War Factors

Key events leading to the outbreak of Civil War.

Sam Houston

Led Texan troops to victory after Alamo defeat.

Henry Clay

Kentucky politician advocating for compromise on slavery.

California Admission

California admitted as a free state in 1850.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin' exposing slavery's horrors.

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce wins, supporting Fugitive Slave Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed slavery based on popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling denying citizenship to slaves.

John Brown's Raid

Attempted to incite slave uprising at Harpers Ferry.

Election of 1860

Lincoln elected without Southern ballot presence.

Peace Democrats

Northerners opposing the Civil War.

Copperheads

Radical peace Democrats advocating disloyalty.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's 1863 declaration freeing slaves in rebellion.

Civil War Casualties

Over 600,000 deaths, mostly from disease.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to blockade and divide the South.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate General, notable for military leadership.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union General, key figure in Civil War victories.

War at Sea

Naval battles, including Confederate ship Virginia.

Lincoln's Caution

Lincoln's initial reluctance to abolish slavery.

Union Army

Northern forces fighting to preserve the Union.

Confederate Strategy

Defensive tactics to maintain Southern morale.

Fugitive Slave Act Penalties

Harboring slaves led to jail time.

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

John Brown's violent retaliation against pro-slavery forces.

Lincoln's 1864 Election

Suspended voting rights in anti-Union areas.

Union Party

Temporary alliance of Republicans and war Democrats.