Exam 1 - Micro 130

microbiology

study of microbes

microbes

any organism that is too small to see with your eye; microorganisms, germs, bugs; includes bacteria, fungus, protists, algae, viruses

pathogenic

causing disease; TB, AIDS, food spoilage, flu; small minority of microbes are this

True

True/False Most microbes are beneficial

True

True/False Microbes are used in food and make vitamins

italicized

When naming microorganisms, the genus and specific epithet are ___________.

specific epithet

Second part of scientific name.

capitalized

When naming microorganisms, the genus is __________________.

lower case

When naming microorganisms, the species is __________________.

common characteristics

Microbes are classified into groups that share _________________________________.

Bacteria Archaea Fungi Algae Protists Viruses Multicellular Animal Parasites

Types of Microorganisms

bacteria

single-celled; prokaryotic; peptidoglycan cell walls; diverse metabolism

archaea

single celled; prokaryotic; lack peptidoglycan cell walls; methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

Methanogen

a microorganism that produces methane gas

extreme halophiles

live in highly saline environments

extreme thermophiles

thrive in very hot environments

fungus

eukaryotic; chitin cell walls; use organic chemicals for energy; most are multi-cellular (large enough to see); some are single celled (too small to see)

protozoans

eukaryotic; single celled, animal like cells; absorb or ingest organic materials; may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella; usually don't have cell walls

alga

eukaryotic; cellulose cell walls; essentially like mini (single celled) plants; use photosynthesis for producing food; primary producers

primary producers

the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms; molecular oxygen and organic compounds; feed the world

viruses

extremely small infectious particles; acellular; consist of DNA or RNA core; core is surrounded by a protein coat; coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope; are replicated only when in a living host cell; metabollically inert until they find a living host cell

obligate parasites

feed off living cells

multicellular animal parasites

eukaryotic; multicellular (large enough to see); parasitic flatworms and roundworms; microscopic stages in life cycles

helminths

parasitic flatworms and roundworms; multicellular animal parasites

bacteriology

science dealing with the study of bacteria

mycology

study of fungi

parasitology

study of parasitic worms and protoza

virology

study of viruses

immunology

study of immunity

microbial genetics

the study of how microbes inherit traits

molecular biology

the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

genomics

the study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

recombinant DNA

DNA made from two different sources; able to produce insulin cheaply and easily

biotechnology

the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals; centuries old (wine, bread, cheese)

recombinant DNA technology

a new technique for biotechnology; enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, including vaccines and enzymes; can be used to protect crops from pests or make them resistant to harsh environments

gene therapy

missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced

microbial ecology

bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorous that can be used by plants and animals

bioremediation

use of microbes to degrade or detoxify chemical pollutants in environment; bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

biological insecticides

microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission

Bacillus thuringiensis

A type of bacilli in the genus bacillus that produces crystals that act as an insecticide; harmless to other animals, including humans

normal microbiota

microbes normally present in and on the human body; you are more bacteria than you are human; prevent growth of pathogens; produce growth factors, such as folic acid and vitamin K

emerging infectious diseases

new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence; Avian flu, West Nile, Swine flu, MRSA, AIDS, Ebola

Chemistry

study of interactions between atoms and molecules

Ionic bonds

attraction between oppositely charged ions; held together by charge; not physical interaction

covalent bonds

bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; physical interaction; strongest chemical bond

hydrogen bond

bond formed between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom and another nitrogen or oxygen atom

False

True/False Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds

True

True/False Covalent bonds require a lot of energy to form and break

False

True/False Energy is released when covalent bonds are formed

True

True/False Energy is release when covalent bonds are broken

True

True/False Hydrogen bonds help maintain the three-dimensional structure of many molecules

Carbon and hydrogen

Organic compounds always contain ____________________

carbon

Inorganic compounds typically lack _________________

water

most important inorganic molecule for supporting life; hydrogen bonds make it a good temperature buffer; requires a lot of heat to break apart molecules

solution

a liquid with at least one molecule dissolved

solute

the thing being dissolved

solvent

the dissolving liquid

dissolve

Water is able to __________________ many molecules

Organic compounds

large and structurally complex; contain carbon atoms

macromolecules

big molecules; polymers, monomers; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

polymers

large macromolecules formed by covalent bonding of many repeating small molecules

monomers

small molecules that make up polymers

dehydration synthesis

form polymers from monomers; water is removed during the reaction

hydrolysis

water is added to lyse the polymer and breaks it down into monomers

carbohydrates

group of organic compounds that include sugars and starches; structure and energy sources; made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Monosaccharides

building blocks (monomers) or carbohydrates; simple sugar; usually soluble in water; grouped by number or carbons in ring

Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 molecules of ATP are generated by _______ during glycolysis. A) Substrate-level phosphorylation B) Oxidative phosphorylation C) Photophosphorylation D) Oxidation E) Reduction

Disaccharides

molecule of 2 monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

consist of tens or hundred monosaccharides; glycogen, cellulose, starch

glycogen

energy reserve in animals and plants

cellulose

main component of plant and algal cell walls

starch

energy reserve in plants, eaten as food by animals

lipids

diverse group that are hydrophobic; primary component of cell membranes; energy storage

Saturated fatty acids

the maximum number of hydrogen per carbon; relatively straight, can pack closer together; usually solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids

have one or more double bonds between 2 carbons; creates kinks or bends in chains; keeps chains apart; usually liquid at room temperature

complex lipids

contain other atoms attached to glycerol in addition to the fatty acids; phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

phospholipids

made up of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group; build cell membranes; hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that allow for formation of cell membranes

steroids

structurally different from other lipids; interconnected carbon rings

sterols

important part of some membranes; separate fatty acid chains

proteins

most abundant organic molecule in a cell; perform almost all functions; celluar tools; enzymes, transport, toxins, structure, movement; amino acids

enzymes

proteins that speed up biochemical reactions; control metabolic reactions; specific for a single chemical reaction due to structure

transport

transport chemicals into and out of cells

toxins

harm living organisms

structure

in cell membranes, cell components

movement

muscles, movement of cells

amino acids

monomer of proteins

carboxyl group

A -COOH group, found in organic acids.

peptide bonds

Covalent Bonds between amino acids

denature

enzyme changes shape due to extreme conditions

DNA

makes up genes

RNA

carries out function of DNA

nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids; a nitrogen containing base; a pentose sugar; a phosphate group

Adenine

pairs with thymine

Cytosine

pairs with guanine

prokaryotic cells

0.2-1.0 micrometer x 2-8 micrometer; really small; most are monomorphic; three basic shapes: coccus, bacillus, spiral

coccus

round "berry"; can be oval, slightly elongated

bacillus

rod shaped, oval shaped

spiral

have one or more twists; vibrio, spirilla, spirochetes

vibrio

curved rods

spirilla

helical, corkscrew; rigid bodies