Neuro Exam 2 Lecture

dorsal/superior

moving towards the top

ventral/inferior

moving towards the bottom

rostral/anterior

moving towards the front

caudal/posterior

moving towards the rear

medial

moving towards midline

lateral

moving away from midline

ipsilateral

on the same side of the brain

contralateral

on opposite sides of the brain

ending in “al”

4-legged animals

horizontal spinal cord

ending in “ior”

2-legged animals

humans

grey matter

areas densely packed with cell bodies

soma/dendrites

Lesion/lobotomy

white matter

areas mostly composed of myelinated axons

axons

Split brain

grey matter in the CNS

nucleus

grey matter in the PNS

ganglion

axons in the PNS

nerves

contralateral axons in the CNS

commissures

ipsilateral axons in the CNS

fasciculus, tract, peduncle

sympathetic nervous system

mainly releases norepinephrine

energy usage

4 F’s

uniformly arranged ganglia between brain and body

hits more targets

parasympathetic nervous system

mainly releases acetylcholine

restores energy

cranio-sacral organization

less targets

olfactory nerve

CN1

sensory

brings in smell

optic nerve

CN2

sensory

brings in visual info

oculomotor nerve

CN3

motor

moves eyes

trochlear nerve

CN4

motor

moves eyes

trigeminal nerve

CN5

both

BIG

feeling from neck up

moves mastication muscles

abducens nerve

CN6

motor

moves eyes

facial nerve

CN7

both

detect taste

facial expressions

acoustic/ statoacoustic/ vestibulocochlear nerve

CN8

sensory

hearing/balance in inner ear

glossopharyngeal nerve

CN9

both

gag reflex

taste

vagus nerve

CN10

both

“wandering nerve”

sensory AND motor for all involuntary stuff below neck

spinal accessory nerve

CN11

motor

neck movement

hypoglossal nerve

CN12

motor

move/curl tongue

how many spinal cord segments do humans have?

31

dermatomes

send sensory info to spinal cord

somites

how you move your body parts

dorsal portion of the spinal cord

Bell-Magendie law
related to feeling

towards your back

ventral portion of the spinal cord

Bell-Magendie law

related to movement

towards your belly

damage to an upper spinal cord segment

arms and legs are affected

quadriplegia

damage to a lower spinal cord segment

just legs are affected

paraplegia

medulla

involuntary vital function

reflexes

pons

contains lots of commissures

crossing of axons

cerebellum

fine motor movements

attention shifting

timing

muscle memory

reticular formation

locus ceruleus

involved with attention, arousal, and wakefulness

releases epinephrine and glutamate

hind brain

raphe system

releases serotonin

involved with sleep regulation

hind brain

substantia nigra

distributes dopamine

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

makes dopamine

superior colliculus

bigger/higher up

visual reflexes for sound localization

inferior colliculus

slightly lower/smaller

tells you which way to turn your head when localizing sound

auditory reflexes for sound localization

what is the lowest region of the forebrain?

the thalamus

thalamus

sensory relay center

all senses EXCEPT smell

LGN

visual thalamic nuclei

VPM

taste thalamic nuclei

VPL

touch thalamic nuclei

MGN

hearing thalamic nuclei

hypothalamus

regulates biologically motivated behaviors

emotions

homeostatic behaviors

conveys messages to pituitary

basal ganglia

behavior, memory, emotional expressions

Smoothly controlled movements

deteriorates in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s

limbic system

olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex

motivated and emotional behaviors, memory

ventricular system

CSF

protection and buoyance

storage for hormones and nutrition

prevents brain from caving in on itself

hydrocephalus

“water on the brain”

brain expands in young children

laminae

horizontal cell layers

columns

vertical arrangement of cells

cells in each column have similar properties and connections with each other

what info is contralateral?

vision, somatosensation, voluntary movement, language, mood

occipital lobe

visual processing

parietal lobe

lateralized

skin sensation

arranged somatotopically

awareness of body position

depth perception

symmetry

postcentral gyrus

sensory (unilateral) neglect syndrome

damage to right side of parietal lobe

can’t feel left side of body

person doesn’t think the left side of their body exists

temporal lobe

mainly involved with hearing

complex visual perception

emotion

memory

warehouse of meaning

REM dreams

Wernicke’s area

left temporal lobe

damage= can’t get to the point, constantly having words on the tip of your tongue

producing words and giving them meaning

responsible for REM dreams

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

damage to temporal lobe

eliminates natural fears and disrupts behaviors related to fears in monkeys

insular lobe

mediation of taste

frontal lobe

VOLUNTARY movement

control of fine movements

lateralized

motor homunculus

prefrontal cortex

working memory

planning of movements

social consciousness/inhibitions
personality/ moral behavior

shift of attention

flavor perception

language (Broca’s area)

Paraplegia

Partial spinal cord damage

How is the spinal cord organized?

Ipselaterally

Right to right and left to left

Greek Hindbrain

Rhombencephalon

Greek Midbrain

Mesencephalon

Greek Forebrain

Telencephalon, but also pro and di