Pain

Biopsychosocial Model of Pain

Biological, Social, and Psychological aspects of pain

adjuvant analgesics

Aid in pain relief by working on underlying pain generators

autonomy

Independence or freedom

beneficence

Doing good and acting in the best interest of a client by providing care that benefits them.

cancer pain

A newly recognized category of pain that can involve tumor pain

chronic pain

Constant or recurring; lasts longer than or equal to 3 months.

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Therapy to help clients learn to manage and target negative thoughts to help reduce pain

Crying, Requires O2, Increased Vital Sig, Expressions, Sleeplessness Scale

Infants 0-2 for each category, for scores over 4 pain assessment is completed, if 6 or higher analgesics need to be administered

Nonpharmacological Pain Interventions

Positioning, Cutaneous stimulation, cognitive strategies, and therapeutic touch

Cutaneous stimulation

Therapy applied to the skin such as heat and cold

Ethics

The application of principles that guide moral behavior of an individual or group.

Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale (FLACC)

Ages 2 months-7 years and cognitively disabled patients. Nurse watches patient for 1-5 min if awake and 5+ min when asleep. Gives score 0-2 for each behavior final score is between 0-10

Justice

Treating all clients fairly and equally.

Malpractice

A negligent act that has been performed by a professional or trained person.

Morality

An individual's principles and their concepts of right and wrong.

Negligence

Failing to perform in a manner that a reasonable and prudent person should perform.

Neuropathic pain

Nerve pain that arises from the somatosensory system

Nociceptive pain

Pain that is felt in the tissue

Pharmacological Interventions

Opioids, Nonopioids, Adjuvant Analgesics

Nociceptors

Found in multiple parts of the body (skin

Nonmaleficence

Doing no harm

Nonopioid analgesics

Can be administered for the treatment of pain by the nurse and include local anesthetics

Nonverbal Pain Scale (NVPS)

Categories are Face, Activity, Guarding, Physiologic I (Vital Signs,) Physiologic II (revised version eliminated physiologic II and replaced with respiratory)

Numeric Rating Scale

The most frequently used pain scale where the client is asked to rate the intensity of their pain on a scale from 0 to 10 (for children older than 8, frequently used for cancer patients)

Objective Indicators of pain

Crying, sweating, restlessness, grimacing

Opioids

The most common pain medications

Pain

Subjective and can be caused by stimuli that are actual or anticipated; official IASP definition: "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with

Pain threshold

The point at which a stimulus causes the client perceive pain.

Pain tolerance

How much of a stimulus the client is willing to accept.

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

A computerized pump controlled by the client capable of delivering pain medication through a syringe to their IV line.

Subjective

Client report, length of time pain has been present, location of pain

Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale

Scale with facial expressions to indicate level of pain (ages 3+)

Clients 35-65

More likely to report headache, abdominal pain, and treatment associated pains

Precipitating cause, Quality, Region, Severity, and Timing (PQRST)

P- What you were doing when pain started

Q - What pain feels like

R- Region

S- Scale of 1-10 of how bad pain is

T- When pain 1st began

Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

There’s a line starting from no pain to worst pain, patient points on point on line that represents the intensity of their pain