Scientific Revolution Scientists

heliocentric

The theory that concluded that the sun is in the middle of the universe and the earth every other planet revolves around it

geocentric

The theory that concluded that the earth is in the middle of the universe and the sun and every other planet revolves around it

Scientific Revolution

is a concept used to explain the emergence of modern science during the early modern period when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature

Nicholas Copernicus

A Polish scientist that studied astronomy and concluded the heliocentric theory known as the Copernican hypothesis

Tycho Brahe

A Dutch scientist that built observatories and created 20 years of tables of astronomical observations

Johannes Kepler

A German scientist that discovered laws of planetary motion

Galileo Galiei

A Florentine scientist that formulated the law of inertia with the use of a telescope

Issac Newton

An English scientist who is notorious for the law of gravitation and the prism

Copernicus

earth revolves around the sun

Brahe

20 years of tabless of astronomical observations

Kepler

planets move in elliptical orbits

Galileo

the moon is not a perfect sphere; jupiter has moons just like earth

Newton

objects in motion stay in motion; white light consists of several colors; calculus

Bacon

make observations before drawing conclusions

Descartes

"I think thereofere I am"; Begin with first principles, then make observation; skepticim; dualism

Machiavelli

• rulers will do whatever to preserve their power, therefore preserving the state

• believed it was better to be feared

• insisted that if an end justified the means, then it was ok to do whatever was necessary to achieve those goals

• ruthlessness was a neccessity, honor an option

• wrote “The Prince”

• was a famous Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statesman, secretary of the Florentine Republic

Voltaire

• believed monarchy to be the key to progress and change

• gov needed structure

• thought only an enlightened monarch, advised by philosophers llike himself, could bring about change as it was in the kings’s rational interest to imptove the power and wealth of France in that world

• favored an understanding of God beyond institutional religion

• favored individualism

• distrusted democracy

• fought for civil rights, the right to a fair trial, freedom of religion, and denounced the hypocrises and injustices of the ancient regime

Blackstone

• impeachment

• rights

• believed God has bult into the universe fundamental laws that are fixed, unchangeable, and must be obeyed

• expressed human law is not to violate God’s law, but to decide what are right and wrong in regard to “things in themselves indifferent”

• his commentaries influenced American law in many ways

• theories influenced the writers of the US Constitution

Montesquieu

• Checks and balances

• concerned about relationship between religion and violence

• argued not for atheism, but rather a secular (worldly) morality that is tolerant of many different religions

• despite his belief in religious tolerance, he did not believe people were equal

• approved of slavery

• thought women weaker than men

• according to him there are 3 forms of gov

  • monarchy

  • aristocracy

  • republicanism

Rousseau

• believed people are born good, independent, and compassionate, unlike other philosophers of his time

• people can both be ruled and free if they rule themselves

• direct democracy was the ideal way for people to make decisions and ONLY through direct democracy can people’s freedom be preserved

• even representative democracy is corrupt

Beccaria

• believed laws should be enlightened, ratinal, logical, and shouls be the greatest good for the greatest number

• individuals have free will and make choices on that free will

• with the right punichment, the criminal justics system can control the free willed and rational human being

• when one chooses to live in a society, then one chooses to give up some personal liberties in exchange for the safety and comfort of a society

• inlfuence the US constitution and Bill of Rights

Mary Wollstonecraft

• said that wimen had an inferior role in society bc of the environment in which they grew up

• all people were equal and that every person possesses that natural right to determine his-her own destiny

• called an end to monarchy

• actively called for rights of women

Hobbes

• argued people were naturally wicked and cannot be trusted to govern

• believed people should voluntarily give power to a king who would guide the country

• a ruler’s power comes not from God, but from, people rationally deciding that this is in their best interests

• democracy wouldn’t work because selfish people would always put their own interests ahead of the nation’s

Locke

• valued individual freedom of religion

• people have the gift of reason/ability to think

• people have the natural ability to govern themselves and look after the well being of society

• did not believe in “divine right”

• if any gov. abuses the rights of the people intead of protecting them, the people have the right to rebel and form a new gov.

• gov. are formed to protect the right of life, the right to freedom, and the right to property

• gov. should be divided into 3 branches