Bible 110 Final Exam.

The Fall (Genesis 3)

Adam and Eve disobeyed God; brought sin and death into the world; consequences: serpent crawls, woman has pain in childbirth, man toils painfully

Consequences of the Fall (Serpent)

Crawl on belly; eat dust; enmity with woman's offspring; Christ crushes his head

Consequences of the Fall (Woman)

Pain in childbirth; desire for husband; husband rules over her

Consequences of the Fall (Man)

Ground cursed; painful toil; thorns; sweat; return to dust

The Cycle of Judges

Sin → Punishment/Oppression → Repentance/Cry for Help → Deliverance/Salvation

Mosaic Authorship

Traditional belief that Moses wrote the Pentateuch; supported by internal evidence and Jesus' testimony

Arguments for Mosaic Authorship

Jewish tradition affirms; Jesus and apostles quote Moses; Exodus 24:4; Moses had education

Uniqueness of the Bible

Divine inspiration; unity (40+ authors, 1,500 years); prophetic accuracy; transformative power

Old Testament (OT)

First 39 books of the Bible; written mostly in Hebrew; covers creation to post-exilic period

Pentateuch

First five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy (Torah/Law)

Torah

Hebrew word meaning "instruction" or "law"; the Pentateuch

Covenant

Binding agreement between God and His people with promises and obligations

Abrahamic Covenant

God promised Abraham land, descendants, and blessing to all nations; sealed with circumcision

Mosaic/Sinai Covenant

Covenant at Mount Sinai; included the Ten Commandments and the Law

Davidic Covenant

God promised David his throne and kingdom would be established forever; fulfilled in Jesus

New Covenant

Prophesied by Jeremiah; fulfilled in Jesus; written on hearts not stone tablets

Decalogue

The Ten Commandments given to Moses on Mount Sinai

Syncretism

Blending of different religious beliefs; Israel worshipped Yahweh and pagan gods together

Idolatry

Worship of idols or false gods; main sin condemned by prophets

The Exile (Babylonian)

Judah conquered by Babylon in 586 BC; people taken into captivity

Assyrian Exile

Northern Kingdom (Israel) fell to Assyria in 722 BC

Pre

exilic Prophets - Prophets before exile: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Amos, Hosea, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah

Exilic Prophets

Prophets during exile: Ezekiel and Daniel

Post

exilic Prophets - Prophets after exile: Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

Major Prophets

Longer prophetic books: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel

Minor Prophets

Shorter prophetic books: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi

Social Evils Prophets Condemned

Oppression of poor, corruption, idolatry, immorality, injustice, empty worship

Isaiah's Message

Salvation through the Messiah; called "Messianic Prophet"; prophesied Immanuel and Suffering Servant

Jeremiah's Message

Warning of judgment; called for repentance; prophesied New Covenant; "Wailing Prophet"

Amos's Message

Condemned social injustice; oppression of the poor; empty religious rituals

Micah's Message

Condemned injustice and corruption; called for justice, mercy, and humility (Micah 6:8)

Malachi's Message

Called for faithful giving; rebuked defective sacrifices; condemned withholding tithes

Haggai's Message

Urged people to prioritize rebuilding the temple over their own comfort

Nehemiah's Leadership Qualities

Prayerful; visionary; planner; persevering; led by example; dealt with injustice

Joshua's Leadership Qualities

Mentored by Moses; anointed by God; courageous; depended on God; knew the land

Book of Genesis

Book of beginnings; creation, fall, flood, and election of Abraham

Book of Exodus

Book of deliverance; God saves Israel from Egypt through Moses

Book of Leviticus

Book of holiness; emphasizes cleanliness, morality, and sacrificial system

Book of Numbers

Book of wanderings; Israel's 40 years in the wilderness due to disobedience

Book of Deuteronomy

Book of renewal/revival; Moses' final words and covenant renewal

Book of Joshua

Conquest and possession of the Promised Land

Book of Judges

Apostate state of Israel; cycle of sin, punishment, repentance, deliverance

Book of Ruth

Inclusion of a foreigner (Moabite) into redemption story; foreshadows universal salvation

Book of 1 & 2 Samuel

Rejection of theocracy and rise of monarchy; Samuel, Saul, and David

Book of 1 & 2 Kings

Israel under monarchial rule; division of the kingdom

Book of Ezra

Returns from exile; rebuilding the temple; importance of God's word

Book of Nehemiah

Rebuilding walls of Jerusalem; leadership lessons

Book of Esther

God's protection; Queen Esther saves the Jews from annihilation

Book of Job

Blessings through suffering; addresses the problem of suffering and God's sovereignty

Book of Psalms

Praise through prayer; the hymnbook of Israel; 150 songs of worship

Book of Proverbs

Wisdom in practical life; character formation; fear of the Lord is beginning of knowledge

Book of Ecclesiastes

Search for purpose; life without God is vanity/meaningless

Song of Songs

Love and sanctity of marriage; celebrates romantic love

Lament Psalms

Psalms expressing sorrow and crying out to God in distress

Thanksgiving Psalms

Psalms expressing gratitude to God for deliverance

Praise/Hymn Psalms

Psalms praising God for His character and mighty works

Royal/Messianic Psalms

Psalms focusing on the coming King/Messiah

Wisdom Psalms

Psalms teaching about God's law and righteous living

The Passover

Festival commemorating deliverance from Egypt; foreshadows Christ as the Lamb of God

Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)

Annual day of fasting and sacrifice for sins of the nation

Feast of Tabernacles

Seven-day celebration of God's protection and guidance in the wilderness

Year of Jubilee

Every 50 years; slaves freed, debts cancelled, land restored

Sacrificial System

OT system of offering animals and grain to atone for sin

Burnt Offering

Sacrifice wholly consumed; voluntary act of worship and surrender to God

Sin Offering

Mandatory atonement for unintentional sin; confession and forgiveness

OT vs NT Sacrificial Systems

OT: temporary, animals, many sacrifices, tribe of Levi; NT: permanent, Christ's blood, one sacrifice, tribe of Judah

Messiah

The anointed one; promised deliverer prophesied in OT; fulfilled in Jesus

Messianic Prophecies in Isaiah

Isaiah 7:14 (Immanuel); Isaiah 9:6-7 (Prince of Peace); Isaiah 53 (Suffering Servant)

Immanuel

"God with us"; Isaiah's prophecy of the virgin birth of the Messiah

Suffering Servant

Isaiah 53 figure who suffers for others' sins; understood as the Messiah

True Prophet vs False Prophet

True: prophecies come true; calls to repentance; aligns with God's Word; False: soothing messages; prophecies fail; leads people away

Theocracy

Government where God is supreme ruler; Israel before demanding a king

Monarchy

Government with a human king; Israel under Saul, David, Solomon, and divided kingdoms

Why Israel Preferred Monarchy

Wanted to be like other nations; rejected Samuel's corrupt sons; desired visible human king

Rehoboam's Mistake

Rejected elders' wise advice; followed peers' harsh advice; led to division of the kingdom

Division of the Kingdom

After Solomon's death; 10 northern tribes (Israel) and 2 southern tribes (Judah)

Solomon's Failures

Marrying foreign women; idolatry; overtaxing the people; polygamy

David's Strength

Man after God's heart; readily repented of sins; wrote most of the Psalms

Saul's Failures

Disobeyed God; offered sacrifices impatiently; consulted a medium; jealous of David

Daniel's Integrity

Remained faithful in pagan land; refused to compromise; prayed daily despite persecution

Esther's Qualities

Faith, courage, patriotism, compassion, humility, maturity

Ruth's Declaration

"Your people will be my people and your God my God" (Ruth 1:16-17); showed her faith

Boaz

Kinsman-redeemer who married Ruth; ancestor of David and Jesus

The Bronze Serpent

Moses lifted it; those who looked lived; foreshadowed Jesus on the cross (John 3:14-16)

The Ten Commandments

Exodus 20:1-17; foundation of the Mosaic Covenant and moral law

The Ten Plagues

God's judgment on Egypt; led to Israel's deliverance from slavery

The Ark of the Covenant

Sacred chest representing God's presence; housed the tablets of the Law

The Tabernacle

Portable tent of meeting where God dwelt among Israel in the wilderness

The Temple

Permanent house of worship built by Solomon in Jerusalem

Priesthood

Priests served as mediators between God and the people; tribe of Levi

Levites

Tribe of Levi; set apart for priestly ministry and conducting worship

Holiness

Being set apart for God; "Be holy because I am holy" (Leviticus 11:45)

Redemption

Act of delivering or saving; God's deliverance of Israel and spiritual salvation

Sovereignty of God

God's supreme power and authority over all creation; emphasized in Job and Daniel

The Remnant

Faithful few who remained loyal to God during national apostasy

Covenant Obligations

Be in relationship with God; acknowledge His sovereignty; observe holiness; trust in God; educate children

Benefits of Keeping Covenant

Prosperity; victory over enemies; plentiful harvests; good health

Consequences of Breaking Covenant

Defeat by enemies; drought and famine; disease; exile

The Inter

Testamental Period - 400 years of God's "silence" between OT and NT; ended with John the Baptist

Cyrus the Great

Persian king who allowed Jews to return from exile and rebuild temple