Biology - Cell Cycle Test

I made this to help u Z and Daniel cuz i know that u don't pay attention in class

interphase

phase where the cell performs normal functions and prepares for division; it includes 3 parts of G1, S, G2

G0 phase

phase when cells stop dividing and specialize

G1 phase

phase when cells have normal growth and metabolism

S phase

phase when cell replicates its DNA

G2 phase

phase when cells prepares for division and mitosis

CDK

protein that’s always present in cell but needs cyclin activation

Cyclin

protein that speeds up cell cycle by varying over time

MPF

"mitosis promoting factor” that is CDK+cyclin to start mitosis

Checkpoints

regulations that detect errors in the cell cycles

G1 checkpoint

checks that all DNA is un-damaged before it replicates

G2 checkpoint

checks that the DNA was copied correctly

M checkpoint

checks that chromosomes are aligned with spindles during Metaphase

Apoptosis

programmed cell death caused by excessive genetic damage

Cancer

uncontrolled cell growth caused by gene mutations

multifactoral

cancer can be caused by many things like family history, genes, risk factors, and randomness / unluckiness

risk factors

variables that increase cancer risk from behaviors or environmental

oncogenes

mutated genes that accelerate the cell cycle with cyclin

tumor suppressor genes

mutated genes that prevent checkpoints from detecting damage

p53

tumor suppressor protein that can induce apoptosis

cell fate

specialization of a cell

cell survival

cell cycle and replication of a cell

cancer mutation requirement

requires 2+ mutations in both gene types for cancer

carcinogen

substance that causes risk of cancer

metastasis

spread of cancer across the body

angiogenesis

creation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients to cancer tumors

tumor

region of large cancer growth

telomeres

cap of chromosomes that weaken over time but cancer cells can make it immortal for infinite growth

biospy

medical procedure to extract tissue samples for diagnosis of cancer

surgery treatment

removal of a tumor by cutting it out of the body

radiation treatment

concentrated EM waves to reach tumors deeper in the body

chemotherapy treatment

drugs that kill all fast dividing cells which need to be used for metastatic cancers but harm healthy cells

mitosis

splitting of the cell nucleus

chromosomes

condensed DNA for replication; humans have 46

chromatin

un-condensed DNA for protein synthesis during normal cell function

chromatids

duplicated half chromosomes that are joined together

centromere

attachment point for chromatids

Prophase

phase when cell DNA condenses into chromosomes, nucleus dissolves, and centrioles create spindles

centrioles

organelle that creates spindles during mitosis

spindles

strings that pull and position chromosomes

Metaphase

phase when chromosomes align on the equator with spindles holding them in place

Anaphase

phase when chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

phase when chromosomes un-condense into chromatin as two nucleii reform at each pole and spindles dissolve

Cytokinesis

phase when cell separates into 2 cells that starts in Telophase and continues until fully divided

Cleavage furrow

pinching of the cell membrane during cytokinesis but only in animal cells

M phase parts in order

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase