[2nd Sem Midterms] Advanced Biology

Femur, thighbone

the longest and strongest bone of the human skeleton

Stapes

Malleus - Incus - Stapes (Auditory Ossicles)

the smallest and lightest bone of the human skeleton.

skeleton

supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides site for blood cell formation.

206

There are ____ bones in the adult human skeleton.

Axial Skeleton

supports the central axis of the body. Consists of the skull, the vertebral column, sternum, and the rib cage.

Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

The skull is made up of 8 bones:

26

The vertebral column has ___ vertebrae with intervertebral disk between each vertebrae..

Spinal Column

protects the spinal cord.

Intervertebral Disk

serve as shock absorbers between each vertebrae.

Costae

another term for Ribs

7; 5; 2

Composed of 24 ribs

___ pairs of true ribs and

____ pairs of false ribs (___ of

which are floating ribs)

Hematopoiesis

the production of blood

Appendicular Skeleton

consists of the extremities of the body e.g. shoulder girdle,
arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones.

2 clavicles (collar bones)
2 scapulas (shoulderbones)

Shoulder Girdle - comprised of 4 bones

Humerus (upper arm)

Radius & Ulna (lower arm bones)

Arm - composed of 3 bones:

8 carpals
5 metacarpals (palm bones)
14 phalanges (fingers and thumbs)

Wrist Bones
- comprised of _______

Hand Bones
- comprised of ________

Wrist Bones
- comprised of ________

Pelvic Girdle

structure to which the leg bones are attached

Femur

thigh bone

patellar ligament

knee cap

Tibia

shin bone

Femur

upper leg bones

Tibia and Fibula

lower leg bones

7 Tarsals (Ankle Bones)
5 Metatarsals
14 phalanges (Toes )
Calcaneus (Heel Bone)

Lower leg bones are composed of:

proximal epiphysis
diaphysis
distal epiphysis

Parts of a long bone

Bones

solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.

Bones

a living tissue composed mainly of mineral salts - calcium and phosphorus.

Periosteum

tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone.

Compact Bone

forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones which functions to primarily to provide strength and protection to bones.

Cortical Bone

Compact bone is aka

Periosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone

Spongy Bone

houses the bone marrow, allow for RBCs formation or erythropoiesis, and allow bones to be less dense and more light. It also allows flexibility.

Haversian System (Osteon)

a network of tubes that contain blood vessels and nerve fibers

Erythrocytes

RBC

Leucocytes

WBC

Thrombocytes

Platelets

Blood plasma

nutrients from digestive system will float here

Hemophelia

prevention of blood clotting

RBC

where oxygen attaches to

WBC

fights against foreign substances

2 million

the body makes about ____ RBCs every second

Bone Marrow

a soft tissue within bone cavities.

Yellow Marrow

made up primarily of fat cells usually found in round bones.

Red Marrow

produces red blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets.

Spongy bone
Compact bone
Cartilage

Periosteum
Yellow Bone Marrow
Blood Vessels
Red Bone Marrow

Cartilage

a type of connective tissue scattered in a network of protein fibers - tough collagen and flexible elastin.

Cartilage

does not contain blood vessels and rely on nutrients from the tiny blood vessels in surrounding tissues.

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

Types of cartilage

Red; Yellow; Center

Conversion of _____ marrow to ______ begins at the ______ and extends axially and peripherally

Ossification

the process of bone formation where cartilage is replaced by bone

Osteoblasts

(Development of bones)

creates bone.

Osteocytes

(Development of bones)

maintain the cellular activities of bone.

Osteoclasts

(Development of bones)

break down bone.

seven months before

Ossification begins to take place up to ____________ birth.

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become surrounded by bone tissue, they mature into _______.

growth plates

Many long bones, including those of the arms and legs, have _________ at either end.

bone tissue

new growth of cartilage is replaced by ______

ossified

The bones becomes ______, and the person "stops growing".

bone formation

also occurs when a bone is broken.

Osteoclasts

(Fixing a bone)

remove damaged bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

(Fixing a bone)

produce new bone tissue.

- the tip of the nose
- the external ears
- ribs are attached to the sternum,

cartilage is found in those parts of the body where flexibility is needed, such as

Joint

a place where one bone attaches to another bone.

Joint

permit bones to move without damaging each other.

Synarthrosis

Immovable Joints (Fixed Joints)

Synarthrosis

- allow no movement.
- the bones are interlocked and held together by connective tissue, or they are fused.

- where the bones in the skull meet

Example of synarthrosis

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly Movable Joints

Amphiarthrosis

- permit a small amount of restricted movement
- the bones are separated from each other

- the joints between the two bones of the lower leg
- joints between adjacent vertebrae

Example of Amphiarthrosis

Diarthrosis or Synovial

Freely Movable Joints

Diarthrosis or Synovial

permit movement in one or more directions. grouped according to the shapes of the surfaces of the adjacent bones

Ball-and-socket joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Saddle joints

Common types of Diarthrosis:

Ball-and-socket joints

permit circular movement

Hinge joints

permit back and forth motion

Pivot joints

allow one bone to rotate around another

Saddle joints

permit one bone to slide in two directions

cartilage

In freely movable joints, the ends of the bones are covered with a smooth layer of _______ that protects the bones as they move against each other.

Capsule

fibrous joint that helps hold the bones while still allowing them to move.

Ligaments and Synovial fluid

2 layers of the joint capsule:

Ligaments

attached to membranes that surround bones and hold the bones together.

Synovial Fluid

produced by the cells in the other layer of the joint capsule

Synovial Fluid

forms the thin film within the bone surfaces of a joint

Synovial Fluid

this lubricating film enables the ends of the bones to slip past each other smoothly

Inflammation

the body's response when a tissue is damaged

swelling, redness, heat, and pain

symptoms of Inflammation

Arthritis

involves the inflammation of one or more joints

Arthritis

this affects 10% of the world's human population