Police Methods and Organization Exam 1

Most police departments in the United States have ________ or fewer officers

50

Law enforcement falls within the _________ branch of government

executive

substantive law

• penal code

• specifies acts or omissions that constitute a criminal offense

procedural law

specifies how police and courts must operate

case law

refers to the decisions of appellate courts (such as the Supreme Court)

police are often referred to as the ____________ of the criminal justice system

“gatekeepers”

James Q. Wilson

• wrote “Varieties of Police Behavior”

• suggests that there are three types of law enforcement agencies

• “watchman” “legalistic” and “service oriented”

order maintenance

making sure that things do not get out of hand

Sir Robert Peel

• introduced a bill in Parliament in 1829 to create a Metropolitan police force

• “An act for improving the police in and near the metropolis”

• Metropolitan Police Act

Who oversaw the daily operations of the Metropolitan police force?

Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne

Charles Rowan

used his military experience to organize and train the Metropolitan police force

Richard Mayne

used his experience to define the legal mandate and parameters of the Metropolitan police force

When and where were the first formally organized agencies in the United States?

• 1800s

• Boston

• New York

• Chicago

What were some issues that confronted law enforcement during the early years in the United States?

1. whether or not the police should be armed

2. whether or not the police should wear distinctive uniforms

3. how much authority the police possessed, and

4. how much force the police were lawfully authorized to use

political spoils

officers owed their jobs to local officials through a system of patronage

August Vollmer

“Patriarch of Police Professionalism”

O.W. Wilson

authored the first text on police planning and administration in 1950

Knapp Commission

relied heavily upon the testimony of NYPD officer Frank Serpico

Mapp v. Ohio

applied the Exclusionary Rule to state criminal proceedings

Escobedo v. Ilinois

established the nexus between the 5th and 6th amendments

Miranda v. Arizona

criminal suspects must be informed of certain constitutional rights during custodial interrogation

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

• signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson

• prohibits discrimination on five grounds: race, color, religion, sex, and national origin

Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

• when an employer as a justifiable basis for departing from the law

• cannot be a preference but must relate to an essential job duty that is necessary for operation of the organization

• race and color can never be a BFOQ

• employers may exercise the BFOQ exception for religion, sex, and national origin

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

• George H.W. Bush signed into law

• protects disease such as cancer, AIDS, epilepsy, retardation, and obesity

employment discriminatin can be categorized into two broad terms:

manifest (outward) and latent (subtle)

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

• affected employees of discrimination must fire a complaint with the EEOC

• federal agency charged with investigating claims against discrimination

• merit to the claim → “right to sue” → allows to aggrieved individuals to proceed with filing an official case with the federal judiciary

“screen in” strategy

• often used by highly competitive agencies that receive a large number of applications from very qualified candidates

• only gives consideration to the absolutely best qualfied applicants who meet ideal standards

“screen out” strategy

• effectively orders a set of figurative “hurdles” designed to eliminate applicants with undesirable traits through various stages of the selection process

• “clear the hurdles” → suitable for employment

• not necessarily the best qualified candidates for the job, but, rather, only “minimally qualified”

• the more conventional and widely relied upon approach

pre-application criteria includes

• verifiable proof of age

• education

• residency

• citizenship

selection process

• written/practical screening exam

• physical agility/fitness test

• background investigation

• polygraph exam

• psych exam

• oral interview

police academy

• purpose is to impart the basic knowledge, skills and abilities required of the job

• initiate the individual into police culture

• topics:

  • use of force defensive tactics

  • report writing

  • mechanics of arrest

  • firearms proficiency

  • constitutional law

  • accident investigation

  • courtroom testimony

  • violator contacts

  • traffic stops

  • tactical driving

field training

• the FTO verifies through continual practive and direct supervision that the new officer can actually perfrom the tasks learned in the academy in real-world situations

• radio operations, situational awareness, vehicle operations, paperwork flow, policy and procedure compliance

in-service training

• agencies are typically required to provde officers with regular in-service training

• firearms qualification, defensive tactics, emergency vehicle operations, use of force, legal updates

the executive branch _____ the laws

the legislative branch _____ the laws

and the judical branch _____ the laws

enforces

enacts

interprets

Tennessee v. Garner

law enforcement officers may not use deadly force to stop a fleeing suspect unless probable cause to believe they are a danger to others

Graham v. Connor

the use of force by police isn’t to be evaluated through hindsight but rather from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene

Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment

visible police presence makes people feel more safe, deters crime, facilitates rapid response, solving of crimes safety and security

Who creates the Bow Street Runners?

Sir Henry Felding

Fresh Pursuit

allows LE to pursue a suspect across jurisdictional boundaries

Sir Henry Felding

• “Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers”

  • examined underlying issues

  • potential policy responses

  • create Bow Street Runners

Patrick Colquhoun

• “A Treatise on the Police of Metropolis” (1796)

• created a group of men called the river police

Max Weber

father of bureaucracy

Peter Drucker

father of management

When and where was the first public police force in the US?

• boston

• 1838

Pendelton Act (1883)

• following assassination of President Garfield

• extended civil-service protections of employees

• selection process based on merit

Kerner Commission

underlying causes of disturbances (race riots)

Mollen Commission

investigated the activities of Michael Dowd

Katz v. US

electronic eavesdropping

Childers v. Dallas PD

• argued that childers was denied employment bc he would pose a security risk if he worked in pd, he’d be aware of raids at bath-houses

• childers lost the lawsuit and not hired at the pd