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developmental psychology
The scientific study of how humans change over the life span, from conception until death.
3 Development Domains
Physical, socio-emotional, cognitive
germinal period
The period in prenatal development from conception to two weeks after conception, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.
embryonic period
The period in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the embryo.
fetal period
The period in prenatal development from 8 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing, bodily structures are refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.
Teratogens
Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development
fetal alcohol syndrome
Results in abnormalities such as small head, malformations of the face and limbs, heart defects, and abnormal brain development.
rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
sucking reflex
Reflex that causes a newborn to make sucking motions when a finger or nipple if placed in the mouth
grasping reflex
Reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously any object touching the palm or fingers or placed in the hand
Maturation
physical development of the brain and body that prepares an infant for voluntary movement, such as rolling over, sitting, and walking
Dynamic systems theory of development
children often achieve developmental milestones at different paces, depending on the culture in which they are raised
separation anxiety
Occurs in all human cultures. When they cannot see their attachment figures or are left with babysitters, they show signs of distress.
secure attachment
The attachment style for most infants, who are confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress.
avoidant attachment
The attachment style for infants who are somewhat willing to explore an unfamiliar environment, but do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns, as though they have little interest in the caregiver.
ambivalent attachment
The attachment style for infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver—they cry when the caregiver leaves the room, but they cannot be consoled by the caregiver upon the caregiver's return.
theory of mind
the ability to understand that other people have minds and intentions
Assimilation
The process we use to incorporate new information into existing schemas
Accomodation
The process we use to create new schemas or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that reflects otherwise would not fit
sensorimotor stage
The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; during this stage, infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills.
object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
preoperational stage
the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearance rather than logic
Centration
Limitation occurs when a child cannot think about more than one aspect of a problem at a time. Child centers on only one detail of the problem.
Egocentrism
Viewing the world through their own experiences. Their thought processes tend to revolve around their own perspective.
concrete operational stage
The third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by appearances.
formal operational stage
The final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; during this stage, people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic.
babbling
Intentional vocalization, often by an infant, that does not have a specific meaning.
telegraphic speech
the tendency for toddlers to speak by combining basic words in a logical syntax, but not a complete sentence, to convey a wealth of meaning
overregularization
the tendency for young children to incorrectly use a regular grammar rule where they should use an exception to the rule. "Holded"
puberty
the physical changes in the body that are a part of sexual development
secondary sex characteristics
physical changes during puberty that are not directly related to reproduction but that indicate the differences between the sexes
primary sex characteristics
physical development during puberty that results in sexually mature reproductive organs and genitals
identity vs. role confusion
Fifth stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development where adolescents face the challenge of figuring out who they are
bicultural identity
child strongly identifies with 2 cultures and seamlessly combines a sense of identity with both groups
preconventional level
Earliest level or moral development; at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral. "He should steal the drug because he would get away with it."
conventional level
Middle level of moral development; at this level, strict adherence to societal laws and the approval of others determine what is moral. "He should not steal the drug because it is against the law."
postconventional level
Highest level of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life. "He should steal the drug because sometimes people break the law if the law is unjust."
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Sixth stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, where young adults face the challenge of forming committed long term friendships and romances.
generality vs stagnation
7th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, where middle aged adults face the challenge of leaving behind a positive legacy and caring for future generations.
integrity vs despair
8th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, where older adults face the challenge of feeling satisfied that they have lived a good life and developed wisdom
Dementia
severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to damage to the brain