Science Study Y7 Semester 1

Magnification

Number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object.

Scale Diagrams

Illustrations showing cells/organisms as seen through a microscope.

Coarse Focusing Wheel

Adjustment wheel on a microscope for rough focusing.

Fine Focusing Wheel

Adjustment wheel on a microscope for precise focusing.

Eye Piece Lens

Lens closest to the eye in a microscope.

Objective Lens

Lens closest to the object in a microscope.

Mirror

Reflective surface in a microscope to direct light onto the specimen.

Slide

Platform where the specimen is placed on a microscope.

Stage

Part of a microscope where the slide is positioned for viewing.

Actual Size

Real size of an object, calculated using magnification and image size.

Specialised Cells

Cells with specific structures and functions for particular tasks.

Image Size

Size of an object as seen through a microscope.

Micrometers

Unit of measurement smaller than millimeters, denoted as µm.

Centimeters to Millimeters

Conversion from cm to mm by multiplying by 10.

Millimeters to Micrometers

Conversion from mm to µm by multiplying by 1000.

Protein synthesis

Production of proteins carried out by ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Structures in the cell responsible for protein synthesis.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance in the cell where chemical reactions occur.

Vacuole

Space within plant cell cytoplasm containing sap.

Chlorophyll

Green chemical found in chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis.

Organelles

Structures within a cell performing specific functions.

Bacteria cells

Contain a single cell.

Respiration

Process taking place in mitochondria, producing energy for the cell.

Cell Theory 3 points

All living things are made up of cells,

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things,

All cells are produced from preexisting cells

Uni-cellular

Organisms made up of only one cell.

Multi-cellular

Organisms made up of lots of cells.

Nucleus

Cell organelle that contains genetic information (DNA).

Cell membrane

Outer structure surrounding the cell, controlling nutrient entry and waste exit.

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell where respiration takes place.

Cell wall

Outer structure in plant cells providing support.

Chloroplasts

Organelles containing chlorophyll and responsible for photosynthesis.

Genetic information

Information stored in the nucleus, containing DNA for cell growth and reproduction.

Living organisms

Composed of cells, the basic building blocks of life.

Solids

Have a defined shape, are incompressible, expand when heated.

Liquids

Flow to container shape, incompressible, expand when heated.

Gases

Often invisible, compressible, fill their container.

Particle-Kinetic Theory

The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is made of small particles that are in random motion and that have space between them. This means that no matter what phase matter is in, it is made of separate, moving particles.

Water as a solvent

Water dissolves substances, carrying chemicals and nutrients.

Fixed amount of water

There is a limited quantity of water on Earth.

Water conservation in daily life

Methods to save water in everyday activities.

Water footprint

The impact of water usage on the environment.

Warragamba Dam

Sydney's largest dam supplying 80% of water; collects from rivers.

Industrial water filtration

Process of filtering water in industrial settings.

Desalination process

Converting seawater to fresh water using reverse osmosis.

Suspension

A liquid-based mixture with visible particles that settle over time.

Solution

A liquid-based mixture where solute particles are evenly distributed and do not settle.

Colloid

A liquid-based mixture with small particles that do not settle and scatter light.

Concentrated

A solution with a high amount of solute particles relative to the solvent.

Dilute

A solution with a low amount of solute particles relative to the solvent.

Solute Dissolution

Process where solute particles disperse uniformly in a solvent.

Aqueous Mixtures

Mixtures where water is the solvent

Solute

Substance dissolved in a solvent

Solvent

Substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solution

Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent

Filtration

Process of separating solid particles from a liquid by passing the mixture through a porous material.

Sedimentation & Decantation

Allowing solid particles to settle at the bottom of a container followed by carefully pouring off the liquid.

Centrifuging

Separation technique involving spinning a mixture rapidly to separate components based on density, size, and shape.

Particle-Kinetic Theory

Explains matter as tiny particles in constant motion

Solids

Maintain shape, incompressible, expand when heated

Liquids

Take shape of container, incompressible, expand when heated

Gases

Invisible, compressible, fill container, expand when heated

Particle Model of Matter

Assumes matter is made of tiny, moving particles

States of Matter

Forms of matter: solid, liquid, gas with unique properties

Particle-Kinetic Theory

Theory explaining properties of matter based on particle movement

Particle Model

Model assuming matter consists of moving particles with energy

Solid

State of matter with particles closely packed, no space between

Liquid

State of matter with particles loosely packed, some space between

Gas

State of matter with particles widely spaced, lots of space between

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass remains constant in a closed system, not created or destroyed

Particle Behaviour

Describes how particles move and interact in different states of matter

Attraction between particles

Stronger when particles are closer together

Increase in heat energy

Causes particles to move faster

Particle Arrangement

Depicts how particles are organized in solids, liquids, and gases

Role-Play

Activity mimicking particle behavior to understand states of matter

Sublimation

Direct change from solid to gas

Heat Energy

Energy possessed by particles affecting their movement

Temperature

Average kinetic energy of particles in a substance

Particle Model

Used to predict state changes with added or removed heat

Solid to Liquid

State change with increased heat energy

Gas

State the change when heat is added to a liquid

State change when heat energy is removed from a gas

Gas to Liquid

Cooling Down

Process where particles lose energy and slow down

Dry Ice

Solid carbon dioxide undergoing sublimation

Cryogens

Substances lowering freezing temperatures