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Magnification
Number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object.
Scale Diagrams
Illustrations showing cells/organisms as seen through a microscope.
Coarse Focusing Wheel
Adjustment wheel on a microscope for rough focusing.
Fine Focusing Wheel
Adjustment wheel on a microscope for precise focusing.
Eye Piece Lens
Lens closest to the eye in a microscope.
Objective Lens
Lens closest to the object in a microscope.
Mirror
Reflective surface in a microscope to direct light onto the specimen.
Slide
Platform where the specimen is placed on a microscope.
Stage
Part of a microscope where the slide is positioned for viewing.
Actual Size
Real size of an object, calculated using magnification and image size.
Specialised Cells
Cells with specific structures and functions for particular tasks.
Image Size
Size of an object as seen through a microscope.
Micrometers
Unit of measurement smaller than millimeters, denoted as µm.
Centimeters to Millimeters
Conversion from cm to mm by multiplying by 10.
Millimeters to Micrometers
Conversion from mm to µm by multiplying by 1000.
Protein synthesis
Production of proteins carried out by ribosomes.
Ribosomes
Structures in the cell responsible for protein synthesis.
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance in the cell where chemical reactions occur.
Vacuole
Space within plant cell cytoplasm containing sap.
Chlorophyll
Green chemical found in chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis.
Organelles
Structures within a cell performing specific functions.
Bacteria cells
Contain a single cell.
Respiration
Process taking place in mitochondria, producing energy for the cell.
Cell Theory 3 points
All living things are made up of cells,
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things,
All cells are produced from preexisting cells
Uni-cellular
Organisms made up of only one cell.
Multi-cellular
Organisms made up of lots of cells.
Nucleus
Cell organelle that contains genetic information (DNA).
Cell membrane
Outer structure surrounding the cell, controlling nutrient entry and waste exit.
Mitochondria
Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell where respiration takes place.
Cell wall
Outer structure in plant cells providing support.
Chloroplasts
Organelles containing chlorophyll and responsible for photosynthesis.
Genetic information
Information stored in the nucleus, containing DNA for cell growth and reproduction.
Living organisms
Composed of cells, the basic building blocks of life.
Solids
Have a defined shape, are incompressible, expand when heated.
Liquids
Flow to container shape, incompressible, expand when heated.
Gases
Often invisible, compressible, fill their container.
Particle-Kinetic Theory
The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is made of small particles that are in random motion and that have space between them. This means that no matter what phase matter is in, it is made of separate, moving particles.
Water as a solvent
Water dissolves substances, carrying chemicals and nutrients.
Fixed amount of water
There is a limited quantity of water on Earth.
Water conservation in daily life
Methods to save water in everyday activities.
Water footprint
The impact of water usage on the environment.
Warragamba Dam
Sydney's largest dam supplying 80% of water; collects from rivers.
Industrial water filtration
Process of filtering water in industrial settings.
Desalination process
Converting seawater to fresh water using reverse osmosis.
Suspension
A liquid-based mixture with visible particles that settle over time.
Solution
A liquid-based mixture where solute particles are evenly distributed and do not settle.
Colloid
A liquid-based mixture with small particles that do not settle and scatter light.
Concentrated
A solution with a high amount of solute particles relative to the solvent.
Dilute
A solution with a low amount of solute particles relative to the solvent.
Solute Dissolution
Process where solute particles disperse uniformly in a solvent.
Aqueous Mixtures
Mixtures where water is the solvent
Solute
Substance dissolved in a solvent
Solvent
Substance capable of dissolving other substances
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent
Filtration
Process of separating solid particles from a liquid by passing the mixture through a porous material.
Sedimentation & Decantation
Allowing solid particles to settle at the bottom of a container followed by carefully pouring off the liquid.
Centrifuging
Separation technique involving spinning a mixture rapidly to separate components based on density, size, and shape.
Particle-Kinetic Theory
Explains matter as tiny particles in constant motion
Solids
Maintain shape, incompressible, expand when heated
Liquids
Take shape of container, incompressible, expand when heated
Gases
Invisible, compressible, fill container, expand when heated
Particle Model of Matter
Assumes matter is made of tiny, moving particles
States of Matter
Forms of matter: solid, liquid, gas with unique properties
Particle-Kinetic Theory
Theory explaining properties of matter based on particle movement
Particle Model
Model assuming matter consists of moving particles with energy
Solid
State of matter with particles closely packed, no space between
Liquid
State of matter with particles loosely packed, some space between
Gas
State of matter with particles widely spaced, lots of space between
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass remains constant in a closed system, not created or destroyed
Particle Behaviour
Describes how particles move and interact in different states of matter
Attraction between particles
Stronger when particles are closer together
Increase in heat energy
Causes particles to move faster
Particle Arrangement
Depicts how particles are organized in solids, liquids, and gases
Role-Play
Activity mimicking particle behavior to understand states of matter
Sublimation
Direct change from solid to gas
Heat Energy
Energy possessed by particles affecting their movement
Temperature
Average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
Particle Model
Used to predict state changes with added or removed heat
Solid to Liquid
State change with increased heat energy
Gas
State the change when heat is added to a liquid
State change when heat energy is removed from a gas
Gas to Liquid
Cooling Down
Process where particles lose energy and slow down
Dry Ice
Solid carbon dioxide undergoing sublimation
Cryogens
Substances lowering freezing temperatures
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