* Knee + Tib/fib *

CR for AP knee

1/2" below patellar apex

the patellar apex is ____ to the patellar base

inferior

For an ASIS to tabletop measurement of 26", angle the CR ______ for an AP knee

cephalad

For an ASIS to tabletop measurement of 20", angle the CR _____ for an AP knee

perpendicular

For an ASIS to tabletop measurement of 17", angle the CR ____ for an AP knee

caudal

The distal aspect of the femur angles 5-7 degrees inferiorly going from the ____ to ____ aspect.

lateral, medial

deep depression that separates the femoral condyles

intercondylar fossa

raised bony area that receives the tendon of the adductor msucle

adductor tubercle

This landmark is useful in determining under or over-rotation in the knee image

adductor tubercle

most knee injuries are not fractures but _____

torn ligaments

fibrocartilage disks in the knee

meniscus

function of the meniscus

provides stability and act as shock absorber

sac like structures filled with synovial fluid that allow for smooth articulations between ligaments

bursa

film size/orientation for AP knee

10x12 lengthwise

CR angle for a PA projection of the knee

five degree caudal

film size/orientation for PA knee

10x12 lengthwise

patient on affected side with knee flexed 20-30 degrees with CR angled 5-7 degree cephalic centered 1"distal to medial epicondyle

mediolateral knee

degree of flexion you should not exceed in suspected or known healing patellar fxs

ten

film size/orientation for lateral knee

10x12 lengthwise

femoreal condyles should be _____ in the lateral knee image

superimposed

CR centered perpendicular to 1/2" below apices of the patellae and MSP

AP standing knees

t/f: It is acceptable to leave the patient's shoes on for weight bearing knees

false

film size/orientation for AP standing knees

14x17 crosswise

degree of obliquity for AP oblique knees

45

t/f: you still follow the ASIS to tabletop measurement rule for oblique knees

true

film size/orientation for oblique knees

10x12 lengthwise

oblique that is useful for seeing the patella projected slightly beyond the edge of the lateral femoral condyle and the fibula superimposed over the lateral half of the tibia

lateral oblique

oblique that is useful in seeing the tibia and fibula separated at their proximal articulation - tib/fib joint visualized and patellar margin projecting slightly beyond the medial side of the femoral condyle

medial oblique

in the _____ method for intercondylar fossa imaging the tibia is parallel to the image receptor

homblad

the knee is flexed_____ degrees in all positions of the homblad method

60-70

CR is directed ______ to the tibia for the homblad method

perpendicular

in the ____ method for intercondylar fossa, the femur is parallel to the image receptor

camp-coventry

the knee is flexed _____ in the camp coventry method for intercondylar fossa

40-50

CR is directed ______ to the tibia in the camp coventry method

perpendicular

patient is in a ____ position for the camp coventry position

prone

in the _____ method, the knee is flexed 40-45 degrees with the patient supine

beclere

CR is directed _____ to the tibia in the beclere method

perpendicular

patellas should be performed in the ____ position if possible to minimize _____

prone, OID

CR is directed _____________ for the PA patella

to the midpopliteal area

patella should be _____ to the IR for PA patella

parallel`

knee should be flexed_____ degrees for lateral projection of patella

5-10

CR enters ______ for lateral patella

midpatellofemoral joint

Patient is in a ____ position for the Hughston method

prone

The knee is flexed ____ degrees for the hughston method

50-60

the CR is angled ____ degrees cephalic for the hughston method

45

the CR is angle _____ degrees for the lateral patella

0

the CR is angled ____ degrees for the PA patella

0

the knee should be flexed ____ degrees for the settagast method

90

the CR is directed ____ to patellofemoral joint space

perpendicular

t/f: shielding is not needed for any knee or patella image

false

for the ____ method, the knee should be flexed until the patella is perpendicular to the IR

Hobbs

for the ____ method, the knee is flexed anywhere from 30-90 degrees with the quadricep muscles relaxed for patellar imaging

merchant

If the knee is flexed 40 degrees, your CR should form an angle of ____ degrees with the femur

30

benign, neoplastic bone lesions filled with clear fluid that most often occur near the knee joint in children and adolescents

bone cysts

involves a softening of the cartilage under the patella which results in wearing away of this cartilage, causing pain and tenderness in this area

chondromalacia patellae

also known as runner's knee

chondromalacia patellae

malignant tumors of the cartilage that occur in the pelvis and long bones of men older than 45

chondrosarcoma

slo-growing benign tumor that is found in small bones of the hands and feet

enchondroma

a common primary malignant bone tumor that arises from bone marrow in children and young adults

ewing's sarcoma

benign neoplastic bone lesion that is caused by consolidated overproduction of bone at a joint (usually the knee)

exostosis/osteochondroma

breaks in the structure of bone caused by a force

fxs

a form of arthritis that may be hereditary in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and may be deposited in the joints and other tissues

gout

occur as accumulated fluid in the joint cavity

joint effusion

the most common type of primary cancerous bone tumor affecting persons age 40-70 and occurs in various parts of the body

multiple myeloma

inflammation of the bone and cartilage of the anterior proximal tibia and is most common in boys ages 10-15

osgood-schlatter disease

also called degenerative joint disease

osteoarthritis

gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic bone formation

osteoarthritis

benign lesions that typically occur in long bones of young adults (prox. tibia and distal femur)

osteoclastomas

also called giant cell tumors

osteoclastomas

highly malignant primary bone tumor

osteogenic sarcoma

literally means bone softening - caused from lack of bone mineralization resulting from a deficiency of vitamin D

osteomalacia

also called rickets

osteomalacia

one of the most common diseases of the skeleton; occurs most commonly in midlife men; disrupts new bone growth resulting in overproduction of very dense yet soft bone - appears as lytic or lucent areas on a radiograph

paget's disease

the CR is directed ____ for the AP Tib/Fib

perpendicular

the light field should extend _____ beyond each joint to ensure its visibility on the radiograph

one to two inches

the CR is centered to the __________ for the AP tib/fib

midpoint of leg

t/f: you should image both joints (separately if need be) when imaging the tib fib

true

The oblique tib fib should be rotated _____ degrees.

45

In order to image both joints on a diagonally orientated image receptor, the SID should be _____.

increased to 44-48"

The CR should be centered to the _______ for an oblique tib fib

midpoint of leg

The CR should be centered to the ______ for a lateral tib fib

midpoint of leg

All tib fib imaging initially should occur on a _____ image receptor unless imaging a pediatric patient

14x17

What is another term for intercondyloid eminence?

intercondylar tubercles

What is the name of the deep depression found on the posterior aspect of the distal femur?

intercondylar fossa

A line drawn across the most distal aspect of the medial and lateral femoral condyles would be ______ from being at a right angle (90 degrees) to the long axis of the femur.

5-7 degrees

The upper, or superior, portion of the patella is called the:

base

Which two ligaments of the knee joint help stabilize the knee from the anterior and posterior perspective?

cruciates

Which structures serve as shock absorbers within the knee joint?

menisci

Which one of the following conditions may cause the tibial tuberosity to be pulled away from the tibial shaft? Gout, osteomalacia, reiter syndrome, osgood-schlatter disease

osgood-schlatter disease

What is the common term for chondromalacia patellae?

runner's knee

Which imaginary plane should be parallel to the IR for an AP projection of the knee?

interepicondylar

Which joint space should be open or almost open for a well-positioned AP oblique knee projection with medial rotation?

proximal tibiofibular

t/f: A 5-7 degree cephalad angle of the CR for a lateral projection of the knee helps superimpose the distal borders of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.

true

Why is the PA projection of the patella preferred over an AP projection?

less OID, less magnification of patella, and less distortion of patella

SITUATION: A projection is preformed for the patellofemoral joint with the patient supine and the knee flexed 40. The CR is angled 30 degrees caudad from horizontal. The IR is resting on the lower legs supported by a special IR-holding device.

bilateral merchant

What is the major disadvantage of the Settegast method?

requires overflexion of knee

SITUATION: A radiograph of an AP knee reveals that the joint spaces are not equally open and the proximal fibula is superimposed over the tibia. Which specific positioning error lead to this lead to this radiographic outcome?

lateral rotation of lower limb

A rad of the Camp-Coventry method was used but the intercondylar fossa is not open&forshortened The following positioning factors were used: prone, lower leg flexed 45 degrees&CR angled 30 caudad¢ered to the popliteal crease Which would cause to repeat

increase angle to 45 degree caudad

SITUATION: A bilateral patellofemoral joint space study is ordered. The patient is parapelegic and cannot stand. Which of the following projections would be best for this patient?

superinferior (sitting) tangential