final - the importance of fall prevention

what is the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries in people ages 65 years and older

falls

roughly how many adults age 65 and older fall every year

14 million

what are some fall risk factors

- lower body weakness/decreased muscle strength/sarcopenia

- vitamin D deficiency

- use of medications

- vision problems

- foot pain/poor footwear

- home hazards

according to the CDC, __ out of 10 falls results in injury that causes restriction of activities

1

in 2019, ___% of hip fracture deaths and __% of ER visits for hip fractures were caused by falls

83, 88

t/f

the number of adults who have fallen year to year has increased

true

what are common areas of fracture due to a fall

arm, wrist, ankle, hip

what demographic is most concerning when they experience head trauma from a fall

those taking blood thinners

what are some fall prevention resources

STEADI (stopping elderly accidents, deaths, and injuries)

1. brochure - stay independent

2. what you can do to prevent falls

3. check for safety A home fall prevention checklist

4. postural HYPOtension

5. chair rise exercise

what is an important part of the chair rise exercise

breathing in and out

the stay independent brochure includes 4 things your patient can do to prevent falls, what are they

1. speak up

2. keep moving

3. get annual eye exam

4. make your home safer

the Berg Balance Test is an assessment tool to measure balance in older adults. It consists of ___ tasks that evaluate various aspects of balance, with a max score of ___. A higher score indicates ___ balance

14, 56, better

what are some specific exercises to improve balance in older adults

ankle stability/flexibility

- toe lifts, heel walking, toe walking, stand on one foot for 10 seconds

Tai Chi - silver sneakers

Dancing - silver sneakers

weight shifts, bicep curls, tree pose, lunges, tandem gait

what are some exercises to improve strength in older adults

SQUATS

push-ups

lunges

planks

bicep curls

tricep extensions

squats strengthen which muscles?

quads, hamstrings, calves, glutes, low back, core - to protect knees and hips

when strength training, it is important to determine if the patient is experiencing joint pain or muscle pain. Which one is ok to push the patient through?

muscle

what type of exercise programs and safety instructions are said to reduce falls and fall risk in people older than 65 according to Healthy People 2030

group or home-based

multifactorial interventions (fall assessments) reduce the ___ of falls but NOT the ___ of falls

rate, risk

according to healthy people 2030, what are 2 things that may reduce the risk of falls

vitamin D

tai chi

what is the goal of Healthy People 2030 as it relates to older people

reduce fall related deaths

how can chiropractors assist in fall prevention through adjustments

restore optimal function of bone and joints to allow better biomechanics

when should you x-ray an older adult before adjusting them

co-morbidities, osteoporosis, osteopenia, corticosteroid injections, fell and have pain, etc.

does medicare cover x-rays by a chiropractor

no

Literature indicates that greater age is associated with ____ levels of compliance with health promotion recommendations.

higher

Health Promotion and prevention says that older adults should be in what BMI category? Why?

overweight

allows wiggle room incase of falls, injuries, or illness

What was BJ's philosophical Perspective

subluxation-based practice

the chiro has little or nothing to do with symptoms

everything to do with removing the subluxation for optimal neural flow

what was DD Palmer's philosophical perspective

adjustments and counseling on lifestyle/wellness

adjustments + 4 T's (trauma, thoughts, toxins, technology)

what does the Kirkaldy-Willis Model represent?

It underlines the importance of ___ detection and ___. This proactive approach helps to alleviate immediate symptoms and slow the ___ process

detection, intervention, degeneration

what are the 3 phases of the Kirkaldy-Willis Model

1. dysfunction phase

2. instability

3. stabilization

In the Dysfunction phase of the Kirkaldy-willis model, early degenerative changes occur such as minor disruptions in the alignment and function of the spine. There is intermittent ____ and reduced ___. This can be managed through ___ which is aimed at improving joint ___ and reducing ___

pain, mobility, SMT, mobility, inflammation

in the instability phase of the Kirkaldy-Willis Model, the structural integrity of the spine begins to compromise leading to increased movement between vertebrae. This can exacerbate wear and tear, prompting formation of ____. In this stage, there is increased ___ and ___ of pain. Management includes __ therapy, stabilization exercises, and lifestyle adjustments to support spine health

osteophytes, frequency, severity, manual

in the stabilization phase of Kirkaldy-Willis Model, the body tries to arrest the ___ process leading to ___ spinal mobility due to formation of larger osteophytes and some fusion. In this phase, there is ___ pain compared to the instability phase. Management includes maintaining mobility, managing pain

degenerative, reduced, decreased

what are clinical implications of the degenerative cascade

OA

spinal stenosis

what is a management for OA

chiro adjustments

what are some management options of spinal stenosis

flexion distraction, SOT

what phase of the Kirkaldy-Willis Model does spinal stenosis develop in

stabilization phase as structural changes