Oral Anatomy: Module 2

Para oral tissues of the mouth

Para oral

adjacent or near the mouth; structures that functionally associate with the oral cavity

Mastication

mechanical grinding of food into smaller pieces for ingestion; chewing

Speech

Ability to express thoughts/feelings by articulating sounds via the mouth

Articulation

Formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech

Digestion

Breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble food molecules

Ingestion

Process of taking food or any other substances in the body by swallowing.

Deglutition

Action or process of swallowing.

Taste

When substance in the mouth reacts chemically.

Respiration

Movement of oxygen from outside the body to the inside of the body.

Lips

2 fleshy borders of the opening of the mouth and is also the gateway to the oral region; composed of muscles and glands

Vermillion Border

AKA Red zone; area where lipstick is applied; covered by a specialized squamous epithelium

Wet (wet-dry) zone

Transition from wet and red zone area

Nasolabial groove

Deep groove separating upper lip from the cheek area on either side of the face.

Labiomental groove

Deep groove which is convex superiorly; separates lower lip from the chin proper

Tubercle of the upper lip

Protrusion in the midline of red zone of upper lip

Labial commissure

Thin connecting fold on the corners of both lips.

Philtrum

Shallow depression from tubercle of upper lip to nose

Labial glands

makes inner portion of the lips wet; secretes small amounts of saliva

Orbicularis Oris

Muscle in the lips

Cheeks

Lateral boundary of the oral vestibule; Posteriorly, the cheeks end at the pterygomandibular raphe; above and below the cheek is bounded by the vestibular fornix.

Buccinator muscle

Main muscular substance within cheek area

Buccal pad of bichat or suckling pad

fatty tissue within the cheeks

Parotid papilla

High elevation of mucous membrane within the cheek area opposite the upper 2nd molar; opening of parotid duct

Buccal mucosa

Mucous membrane covering the cheek inside

Linea alba

Line where upper and lower teeth meet within the cheek area; horizontal white line extending anterioposteriorly on each side of the cheeks

Fordyce spots

White yellowish bumps on buccal mucosa; enlarge fatty glands or sebaceous glands

Tongue

Largest singular muscular organ

Anterior 2/3

tip and body of the tongue faces the palate; dorsal surface of the tongue contains taste buds and are irregular; trigeminal nerve

Posterior 1/3

Base of tongue faces the pharynx; dorsal surface is irregular because of lingual follicles

Terminal sulcus

V-shaped boundary of nerve innervation

Foramen cecum

Where the thyroid develops; midline of terminal sulcus

Medial sulcus

extending along the midline of the tongue

Dorsal of the anterior 2/3

Grayish pink in color with a velvety appearance

Dorsal mucosa

Lined by specialized mucosa for taste

Circumvallate papilla

6-8 papilla arranged in a v-shaped line with the largest circumvallate in the center; appears to be mushroom-shaped and contains tastebuds that are sensitive to the bitter taste

Filiform papilla

Most numerous papilla in the tongue; hair-like and does not contain tastebuds

Fungiform papilla

Small mushroom-shaped elevations and appear to be dark red; has tastebuds sensitive to the sweet and salty taste.

Folliate papilla

Parallel folds at the posterior part of the lingual frenum; has tastebuds sensitive to the sour taste.

Ventral mucosa

Smooth and thin; transverse in the midline by the lingual frenum

Lingual frenum

Elevated fold of soft tissue located at the floor of the mouth.

Fimbriated folds

Irregular scallop folds at the anterior end of the frenum AKA Plica Fimbriata

Sublingual folds

Extending medially along the floor of the mouth towards the tongue

Sublingual caruncle

Round elevated sections of soft tissue on either side of the lingual frenum; if poked, lots of saliva will come out

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Help the mouth to move in function

Genioglossus

Origin: Genial tubercle of the mandible

Insertion: Tongue

Action: Protractor depressor

Styloglossus

Origin: Anterior surface of the styloid process

Insertion: Above the tongue

Action: Elevator retractor (pull the tongue upward the origin)

Palatoglossus

Origin: Palato= lower surface of palatine aponeurosis

Insertion: Tongue

Action: Sphincter

Palato means..

lower surface of palatine aponeurosis

Sphincter means…

separates oral cavity from pharyngeal cavity in swallowing or speech

Hyoglossus

Below the tongue

Origin: Hyoid bone

Insertion: Tongue

Action: Depressor

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Muscles that make up the tongue

What are the intrinsic muscles?

Longitudinal, vertical, and transverse

Salivary glands

Structures that secrete saliva; contains enzymes like amylase, which is important in the first phase of digestion

Parotid gland

Stensen’s duct; located at the retromandibular fossa near the ear reaching medially to the styloid process and releases serous or water saliva

Submandibular gland

Wharton’s duct; located on the floor of the mouth and it has a biconvex body that occupies the mandibular of digastric triangle

Sublingual gland

Bartholin’s duct; flattened body near the medial surface of the mandible and secretes a mixed type of saliva (mostly mucous and a thicker type of saliva)

Labial glands

Minor salivary glands in the upper and lower lips

Buccal glands

Submucosa of the cheeks

Palatine glands

Submucosa in the hard and soft palates

Lingual glands

Submucosa in the inferior and base surface of the tongue

Incisive glands

Important; located on the floor of the oral cavity to the insertion of lingual frenum behind the mandibular incisors

Tonsils

Masses of lymphoid tissues found in fauces

Pharyngeal tonsils

Located at the roof of the pharynx

Two palatine tonsils

Found between anterior and posterior pillar of fauces

Lingual tonsil

Pharyngeal lymphatic ring of the Waldeyer arrangement of tonsils

Paranasal sinuses

Pneumatic air-filled cavities lined by respiratory membrane (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium)

Sphenoid sinuses

Found in the body sphenoid bone with a variety of size and found in the right & left side of the face

Frontal sinuses

Found in frontal bone

Ethmoidal sinuses

Numerous small cavities in the ethmoidal labyrinth

Maxillary sinuses

Antrum of highmore; largest of all paranasal sinuses and occupies the entire body of the maxilla.