The Endocrine System Day one material

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

• blood carries hormones all over the body into different organs and cells

Hormones

Chemical messengers that regulate body functions

Target Cell

Cell with specific receptors for a hormone (lock n key)

Endocrinology

The study of hormones and endocrine organs

4 classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus (debbie)

1. Increased urination

2. Increased hunger

3. Increased thirst

4. Weight loss despite eating more

5. Fatigue

What is diabetes mellitus

An endocrine disorder where your body does not produce enough or no insulin too control your blood sugar levels.

What are the 3 P’s

Polyuria = Increased urination

Polyphagia = Increased eating/hunger

Polydipsia = Increased drinking/thirst

What are the three tests used to diagnose diabetes?

1. Urine test

2. Blood test

3. OGTT

How is the urine tests conducted? What was Debbie’s results

• Get sample of urine with dipstick

• Check to see if there is excess glucose in the urine

• Debbie tested +

What does glucose in the urine indicate?

• Blood glucose is so high it spills into the kidneys and then into urine.

• (Glucose molecule is too big too filter through kidneys.

How is the blood test (serum blood glucose test) conducted

• Patient fasts for 8 hours before

• Vial of blood is drawn and level of glucose in plasma is measured

What is the normal blood glucose level

70-100 mg/dl (for grown teen/ adult)

What blood glucose level did Debbie have

112 mg/dl (she tests positive in pre diabetic area)

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) how is it conducted

• Patient drinks 100g of glucose solution (basically pure syrup)

• Over the next 3 hours, 5 vials of blood are collected

What is the normal OGTT results over 2 hours

below 140 mg/dl

what was Debbie’s OGTT results over 2 hours

150 mg/dl

What diagnose was Debbie given

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

What can majorily change how our body produces insulin

Diet and exercise

Major glands of the endocrine system? (and where are they located in the body)

1. Hypothalamus (brain)

2. Pituitary gland (brain)

3. pineal gland (brain)

4. Thyroid gland (neck)

5. Parathyroid gland (neck)

6. Pancreas (abdomen)

7. Thymus (chest/thoracic)

8. Adrenal glands (adbdomen)

9. Testes/Ovaries (pelvis)

label the areas

Whats functions does the Endocrine system control and integrate

1. reproduction

2. growth and development

3. Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood (maintaining homeostasis)

4. Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance (Controls how cells use energy and nutrients)

5. Mobilization of body defenses (Helps the body respond to stress and injury.)

Endo

within/inside

crete

to secrete

Hormon

to excite or stimulate

What are the main control systems of the body

Endocrine system and nervous system

Compare the nervous system and endocrine system

Endocrine system acts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cell

Nervous system

1. initiates responses rapidly

2. Short-duration responses (the effects don’t last very long)

3. Acts via action potentials and neurotransmitters

4. Acts at specific locations determined by axon pathways (has specific target)

5. Neurotransmitters act over very short distance. (travels quickly across a tiny gap called a synapse.)

coms out nerve (neurotransmitter)

Endocrine system

1. Initiates responses slowly

2. Long-duration responses (hormones stay in the body for long time)

3. Acts via hormones released into the blood

4. Acts at diffuse locations, target can be anywhere blood reaches (Only cells with the correct hormone receptor will respond.)

5. Hormones act over long distances

Expected through glands into the bloodstream (hormone)

what are our primary glands

1. exocrine gland

2. endocrine gland

Exocrine gland

• outside secreting gland

• has ducts

• produces non hormone substances

• Secrete products into ducts to carry secretion outside of surface or into an organ cavity.

Example of Exocrine secretions

Saliva and sweat

Endocrine glands

• Produce hormone

• Lacks ducts

• secretes directly into blood

give some examples of organs that have both endocrine and exocrine functions

Pancreas, gonads, placenta

Are endocrine hormones produced only by endocrine glands? Explain.

No. Some tissues and organs contain small pockets of endocrine cells that also produce hormones, including adipose (fat) calls, the thymus, and cells in the walls of the small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart.

What are the main chemical classes of hormones

1. Water based/soluble

2. Lipid- based/ soluble

Water-based/soluble hormones are

1. Amine hormones

2. Petide/protein hormone

3. Eicosanoid hormone

Lipid-based/ soluble hormones are

synthesized from cholesterol

• thyroid hormone and steroid hormone

Steps of water-based soluble hormone

Amine, peptide & protein hormones use the G-
protein “second messenger” cell pathway:
• 1. peptide/protein hormone (1st messenger) binds to
receptor on cell’s plasma membrane
• 2. Binding leads to activation of an enzyme inside the
cell that changes ATP into cAMP (2nd messenger)
• 3. cAMP activates a series of enzymes called a
“cascade”
• 4. Cell responds to enzyme-activated proteins and
does what the hormone wants to happen

Steps of lipid based/soluble proteins

1. Lipid-based hormone diffuses right through the plasma membrane
• It’s lipid-soluble (steroid hormones & thyroid hormones)
2. Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and binds
to specific region of DNA
• 3. Initiates DNA transcription to produce mRNA
• 4. mRNA moves to Ribosomes, then translated into
specific protein
• Proteins synthesized have various functions
• Examples: metabolic activities, structural purposes, or exported
from cell

Which chemical class of hormone cannot enter the cell

Water based soluble hormone

What is the difference between water based soluble hormone and lipid based soluble hormone based on parmocology

• Water- based soluble hormone have to be injected because it can easily be broken down by stomach acids and digestive enzymes. (example: insulin is injected)

• Lipid based soluble hormones can be taken orally since they can easily pass through stomach lining. (example: birth control can be a pill)