Societies 0005 Exam 3

prof epitropolous @ pitt

Authenticity

individual tourists' perspective ultimately determines authenticity in tourism, and brochures serve as effective 'pre-markers' that affirm and market what is considered "the real thing" by forming tourists' initial impressions

cultural drift

the context of tourism refers to the influence tourists exert on the social and cultural environment of a destination

cultural syncretism

the fusion of different cultures

dark tourism

when you visit places related to death or disaster

devaluation

when the calue of a currency fails, usually implemented in order to boost exports

Development

sustainable when it consciously improves citizens’ life quality, fostering health and wellbeing while reducing poverty and inequality for present and future generations

ethnocentrism

the tendency to view your own society or culture as superior and the standard by which other societies and cultures are judged

globalization

the increasingly world-wide relationships of culture, people, and economic activity, wherein there is faster, deeper, and more varied movements of people, ideas, and things

horizontal differentiation

differences between institutions, roles, or activities

humanology

an umbrella term for sociology and anthropology

IMF

international monetary fund, which came out of the Bretton Woods system. It typically measures austerity, conditional loans, and devaluation

language acculturation

when native languages begin to die out as new languages are adopted as secondary communication methods with tourists

lingua franca

a language used among speakers whose native languages differ

mass tourism

characterized by short-term stays, rapid development, and is uncontrolled

postmodernity

rose in the late 20th century as a reaction to globalization, which led to de- globalization trends. This included rising nationalism and a return to traditional beliefs as responses to cultural blending

religious tourism

ravel to religious sites for various purposes.

pilgrimage

a form of religious tourism involving visiting a religious site with a particular religious meaning or intention, often driven by faith and the quest for spiritual fulfillment.

Pilgrimages can also involve a quest for connection with a ____ greater than oneself.

transcendental entity

Stages of tourism

separation (arrival) , liminality (change in routine), and reintegration (return to normal life)

tourism

involves exchanges of information, attitudes, and behaviors between host communities and tourists, potentially influencing locals' attitudes and morals, gender roles, and the learning of new languages. 

tourism significantly impacts a country’s GDP, functioning as a(n) ____

export

Theorists argue that tourism reflects society because it has become increasingly _____ and ______.

institutionalized; democratized

examples of tourism

eating in ethnic restaurants, buying ethnic goods, and watching travel programs

consensus theory (structuralism)

views human interaction and wider social forces developed via social consensus (agreement).

conflict theory (Structualism)

concerned with material, societal conflicts of domination and subordination of Wealth & Power --- INEQUALITIES

dependency theory

outlines how development often creates a cycle of philanthropy and dependency. It relates most closely to tourism of the theories

Structuralism

a form of sociological analysis concerned with society as a whole and how it is structured.

Cohen

explained “staged authenticity”

MacDonnel

explained “markers” such as the Taj Mahal

secular tourism

fulfilling a personal vendetta or spiritual need through tourism

Domestic tourism volume is ____ than international tourism volume

greater

____ is the most spoken language on the planet

Mandarin

____ and ____ are two of the most succesful global food and beverage outlets in the world

McDonalds; Starbucks

_____, _____, ____, ____ all had colonies in the Caribbean

Britain; France; Netherlands; Spain

The key technologies in transportation that are unique to the 20th century that were covered in class are ______ and _______

jet planes; container ships

After World War II, stronger labor unions ________, and new social programs guaranteed paid time off, giving more people the time and money to travel and making tourism a mass phenomenon

raised wages and shortened work hours

tourism is the ___ largest export category for the US

3rd

domestic tourism is ______ than international tourism

5-6 times greater

tourism contributes to __ of global GDP and employment

9%

who was the Jamaican prime minister elected on an IMF platform in 1976

Michael Manley

The Jamaican PM elected in 1976 had an agenda involving __________

food autonomy; health care; education

subsidies from the US made _________ goods ______

exported agricultural goods; cheaper

In Life & Debt it was ____ for tourists to go to Jamaica and ____ for Jamaicans to go to the U.S.

easy; hard

tourism has ___ start up costs

low

One of the IMF conditions for the loan for the Jamaican government was the government was ____________.

forbidden to give farmers market rate or lower loans

A farmer discussed how global free trade makes it so the only contributions Jamaica can offer to agricultural production are _____

sun and water

colonization

Colonialism is an act of political and economic domination involving the control of a country and its people by settlers from a foreign power, e.g., Jamaica, Ghana, Nigeria, etc. Bristish

neocolonization

The control by a state over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony) through indirect means

Modernization theory

argues that all societies develop through the same stages — from “traditional” to “modern”

world systems theory

International Development of the World System. Global capitalist economy is divided into Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery: Core: high-tech, industrialized, control finance and trade (U.S., Europe, Japan, Semi-Periphery: intermediate, buffer zone (Mexico, Brazil, South Africa), Periphery: raw material exporters, dependent labor (Jamaica, Ghana, Bangladesh), Wealth and power flow from the periphery to core.

What is the 3rd largest export for the United States?

tourism

International Tourism is 5 to 6 times greater than Domestic Tourism a. True b. False

false