EBPP Midterm

Nominal and Ordinal Data are what types of data?

Categorical (Qualitative) Data

What's the difference between Nominal and Ordinal Data

Nominal: "order" doesn't matter (blood type)

Ordinal: "order" matters (Stage 1, II cancer)

4 steps to significance testing

1. state Ho and Hi

2. compute statistics

3. decision making

4. conclusion

At what p-value should we reject the Ho?

< 0.05

comparing probablility to disease in two different groups

relative risk

measure of association between an exposure and an outcome

odds ratio

combining the best research to make patient/population centered decisions

Evidence based practice

Steps of EBPP

1. formulate focused question

2. identify articles and evidence-based resources

3. critical appraisal of evidence

4. apply evidence

5. evaluate application of evidence

Raw data and articles are examples of which type of literature?

primary literature

Guidelines and systematic reviews are examples of which type of literature?

secondary literature

Lexicomp and micromedex are examples of which type of literature?

tertiary literature

using an outcome to reflect another (ex.fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C)

surrogate outcome

clinically relevant outcome and provide direct measures of disease (ex. stroke, self report of nerve pain)

outcomes that matter

what the study is designed around; most important reflection

primary outcome

not the most important outcome/ main ones influenced by intervention

secondary outcome

requires informed consent for research studies

national research act

belmont report principles

respect for persons, beneficence, justice

steps of formulating focused questions

1. identify requestor

2. define the true question

3, patient background

4. categorize question

5. systemic search for answer

6. analyze info

7. disseminate info

8. document and follow-up

What are the barriers to formulating focused questions?

absence of background info, false perception that DI questions don't pertain to a specific patient

2 ways to write a question

PPAARE or PICOT

What should be considered when formulating a response?

background info, patient factors, disease factors, medication factors

Desired characteristics of a response

timely, current info, well references, not too long,

Which AI can we use to find sources?

Clair AI

the study of diseases and their intervention at the population level

epidemiology

set of standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a particular disease, syndrome, or health condition

case definition

the idea that theres no single cause for a disease and things like lifestyle, ethnicity, gender, and cormorbidities

web of causation

factors that make individuals more or less likely to adopt healthy or risky behaviors

pre-disposing factors

factors that help people adopt and maintain healthy or unhealthy behaviors

enabling factors

factors that are the catalyst for an illness, episode or symptom

precipitating factors

people that reinforce good or bad habits

reinforcing factors

epidemiological triangle consists of

host, agent, environment

What's the difference between experimental and observational studies?

If the researchers provided the exposure it's experimental

Study that tells us efficacy

experimental

Study that tells us performance

quasi-experimental

Study that tells us effectiveness

observational

What are the 3 types of observational studies?

cohort, case control, cross sectional

study that looks at exposure first then determines outcome

cohort

study that looks at outcome first then determines what exposure caused it

case-control

study that looks at one point in time to determine exposure at the time of outcome

cross-sectional

study limitations, inconsistency of results, indirectness of evidence, imprecision and publication bias are examples of factors that (increase/decrease) quality of evidence

decrease

gold standard of clinical trials

RCT's

information about a single patient in a unique scenario

case report

3 types of case reports

diagnostic, treatment, educational

more than one patient with similar treatment or diagnosis

case series

the degree to which the result of a study are correct for the sample of subjects being studied (accuracy of our results)

internal validity

Difference between internal and external validity

Internal: truth in the study

External: truth in real life

Threats to internal validity

bias, random chance

How to offset threats to internal validity

control groups, randomization, meticulous data collection and analysis