Chapter 11 - Stereotypes and Prejudice

Stereotype

Beliefs about people in groups; often oversimplified and generalized.

Prejudice

Unjustified negative attitudes or behaviors towards a group.

Discrimination

Unjustified negative behavior directed towards members of a specific group.

Internalized Prejudice

Distancing oneself from the rest of a group due to societal prejudices.

Subtyping

Creating a subcategory to maintain stereotypes without changing existing schemas.

Stereotype Threat

The risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group, leading to underperformance.

Microaggression

Subtle, often unintentional, discriminatory comments or behaviors.

Social Categorization

The process of grouping people, which is a natural but can lead to stereotyping.

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias

The tendency to view members of an outgroup as all the same.

Representativeness Heuristic

Judgments based on comparing situations to pre-existing stereotypes.

Dual Processing Systems

Two systems of thinking: System 1 is automatic, while System 2 requires conscious effort.

Misinformation Effect

A phenomenon where false information alters one's memory of an event.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When one's belief about a group leads to behaviors that confirm that belief.

In-group Bias/Favoritism

Preferring and valuing one's own group over others.

Black Sheep Effect

Distance from a negatively viewed member within one's group to maintain status.

Scapegoating

Blaming another group for one's own problems or frustrations.

Contact Hypothesis

The idea that increased interaction between groups can reduce prejudice.

Extended Contact Hypothesis

Suggests that knowing someone who interacts with another group can reduce prejudice.

Conditions for Reducing Prejudice

Sustained contact, equal status, mutual interdependence, and superordinate goals are needed.

Double Standard Against Genders

The unequal treatment and expectations based on gender.