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what is ethnographic fieldwork?
the practice whereby an anthropologist is immersed in the daily life of a culture to collect data
Primary way of conducting research and collecting data
what is participatory action research?
a mode of research in which the anthropologist and the community work together to understand the conditions that produce the community’s problems and to find solutions to those problems
Involves local people in the applied research process
what is community based participatory research?
a collaboration involving partners from within a community in all aspects of the research process.
More importantly, CBPR begins with the research topic of importance to the community, and works toward achieving social change equitably.
what is qualitative data?
people’s words, actions, records, and accounts obtained from participants observation, interviews, group interviews, and relevant documents
what is quantitative data?
data that are counted and interpreted through statistical analyses
what are field notes?
daily descriptive notes recorded by an anthropologist during or after an observation of a specific phenomenon or activity
what are the OCAP principles?
principles of ownership, control, access, and possession that ensures Indigenous communities actively participate in ethnographic research
Intended to ensure that Indigenous communities are involved in the collection of data about them, who had access to the information, and how it is used
what are the six stages of fieldwork?
selecting a research problem
formulating a research design
collecting the data
analyzing the data
interpreting the data
writing up and presenting the results
what is participant observation?
becoming involved in the culture under study while making systematic observations of what people actually do (most used method)
what is attitudinal data vs. behavioural data?
what people think or feel vs. what people do
what are three unique characteristics of an ethnographic interview?
The interviewer and participant often speak different first languages
Broad in scope because it elicits information about an entire culture
Cannot be used alone, must be used in conjunction with other data-gathering techniques
what are unstructured interviews?
interviewees are asked to respond to broad, open-ended questions
what are semi-structured interviews?
relying on an interview guide covering the topics or themes needed to be addressed
what are structured interviews?
large numbers of respondent are asked a set of specific questions
what is census taking?
collection of basic demographic data, such as age, occupation, marital status, and household composition
what is ethnographic mapping?
attempts to locate people, material culture, and environmental features in space
what is document analysis?
examination of data such as personal diaries, newspapers, colonial records, and so on
what is ethnohistory?
the use of historical documents, oral traditions, as well as other archaeological and ethnographic methods to understand the history of ethnic groups, both past and present
what is collecting genealogies?
an anthropologist interviewing individuals and asking them questions about their family / kin. Understanding how kinship works
what is proxemic analysis? (photography)
the study of how people in different cultures distance themselves from one another in normal interactions
what is event analysis? (photography)
documentation of who participates in events such as circumcision ceremonies, marriages, and funerals
what is reflexive (narrative) ethnography?
discusses the influence of their personal and cultural context on the ethnography, and which are co-produced and focuses on the interaction between themselves and their collaborators
what is situated knowledge?
anthropological knowledge that is influenced by the anthropologist’s age, gender, religion, socio-economic status, ethnicity, education, and historical and cultural context
what is intersubjectivity?
shared meanings constructed through the interactions of people from different perspectives
what is methodological pluralism?
uses multiple methods of data collection and analyses to help produce a richer and more accurate description of ethnographic reality
what is autoethnography?
the ethnographer attempts to understand another culture through a description and analysis of their own fieldwork experience. The anthropologist is the topic of investigation. They engage in:
Systematic sociological introspection: an examination of the ethnographer’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviours during fieldwork, and how they impact data collection
what are life histories?
The story of a collaborator’s life experiences in a culture that provides insight into their culture (interview)
what is multi-sited fieldwork?
Fieldwork conducted in more than one location and united by a common research topic or theme
Especially important in a modern hyper-connected world
Looks at how globalization impacts local communities
what are some new information technologies?
Internet search engines
Research databases
Programs for ethnographic analysis
Internet reference pages (e.g., new york times)
Internet survey research
what is biculturalism?
the capacity to think and perceive in the categories of one’s own culture as well as in the categories of a second culture
what are the three general ethnographic methods?
Observation
Participant observation
Interviews (unstructured, semi-structured, structured)
what are the AAA’s code of ethics?
Do no harm
Be open and honest regarding your work
Obtain informed consent and necessary permissions
Weigh competing ethical obligations due collaborators on affected parties
Make your results accessible
Protect and preserve your records
Maintain respectful and ethical professional relationships
what is the definition of ethics?
the moral principles and values, such as right and wrong, justice and virtue, that guide the collection of information. They are guidelines on how to act when faced with moral dilemmas
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