BIOL 4431 Exam 3 Part 2: Cardiovascular Functions

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Blood components

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Health

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1

Blood components

Plasma is made with: Blood minus cell, ~50% of whole blood;

has water which is 90% of plasma and >100 diff. solutes;

has proteins mostly from liver and ~8% of plasma weight;

has albumins which is ~60% of plasma proteins, shuttle non-polar mols, maintain blood vol. (osmotic pressure), and act as buffer (bind & release H+)

has other proteins like antibodies & clotting factors

has other substances like nutrients, gasses, wastes, & ions

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Serum

Plasma - plasma proteins;

Clotted-spun blood

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Platelets

Involved in clotting,

Contact damaged surface & rupture,

Release contents,

Causes additional platelet sticking,

Platelet plug formed

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Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Biconcave shape (optimizes diffusion),

Contain hemoglobin (O2 carrier)

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Leukocytes (WBC): Granulocytes

Inherited immunity (non-specific),

Lobed nuclei,

Neutrophils – stain little,

Eosinophils – stain pink,

Basophils – stain blue

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Leukocytes (WBC): Agranulocytes

Acquired immunity (specific),

Less lobed nuclei

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Formed element production

Same hematopoietic stem cell differentiates into all,

Different elements have different pathways

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Antigen

CHO residue on RBC

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Antibody

Recognizes antigen as self vs. non-self

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O antigen

everyone has this

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A antigen

“A” blood type

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B antigen

“B” blood type

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O

has A & B antibodies

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A

has B antibodies

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B

has A antibodies

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AB

has no antibodies

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Rh factor (D antigen)

are additxnal antigens and most people have it

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Atria (atrium)

Receiving chambers from body (systemic) + lungs (pulmonary)

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Right atrium blood source

Superior and inferior vena cava (from systemic)

Coronary sinuses (from myocardium)

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Left atrium blood sources

Right & left pulmonary veins

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Ventricles

Discharging chambers to body (systemic) + lungs (pulmonary)

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Right ventricle

Thinner vs. left

Pumps to pulmonary trunk (artery)

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Left ventricles

Thicker vs. right

Pumps to aorta (artery)

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Pulmonary circuit

From right heart through lungs then returns to left heart

Low pressure (~15 mmHg)

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Systemic circuit

From left heart through body then returns to right heart

Higher pressure (~100 mmHg)

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Pericardium

Double-walled sac around heart

Within mediastinum (medial thoracic cavity)

Protects & anchors heart

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Fibrous pericardium

Dense Connective Superficial tissue layer that helps prevent overfilling

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Parietal

Below fibrous with serous (watery) secretions

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Visceral

Against heart and serous

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Pericardial cavity

B/w visceral & parietal that contains serous fluid, allowing smooth gliding of heart

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Cardiac Muscle

Myocardium; Contractile layer of heart; Spiral & circular bundles

Joined by fibrous skeleton that works as one unit (interconnected cells)

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Spontaneously depolarizes

Intrinsic rhythm

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Intercalated disk

Depolarizes adjacent cells

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Cardiac action potential

Plateau phase due to Ca++ entry

Long (250msec)

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Endocardium

Smooth endothelial sheet (squamous)

On thin connective tissue layer

Lines chambers

Continuous w/ vessels

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Valves

connective tissues reinforced endocardium that prevent backflow

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Atrioventricular (AV) Right valve

Tricuspid

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Atrioventricular (AV) Left valve

bicuspid (mitral)

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Semilunar (SL) Valves

Aortic & pulmonary

Ventricular exits

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Chordae tendineae

Anchor valve cusps (flaps) to papillary muscles

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Papillary muscles

Small muscles located in the ventricle walls that help prevent the backflow of blood by keeping the atrioventricular valves closed during ventricular contraction.

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Stenosis

Incomplete opening

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Insufficiency

Incomplete closing

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Prolapse

Valve bulges backward

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Arteries

Branches from aorta and supply cardiac muscle

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Veins

Roughly follow coronary artery paths, which join to form sinuses and empty into R. atrium

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Systole

Ventricular contraction

AV valves close & SL valves open

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Diastole

Ventricular relaxation

SL valves shut while AV valves open

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“Lub”

Vents contract and AVvs close

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“Dub”

Vents relax

SLvs close

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Blood pressure measurement

Pressure in large arteries

Fluctuates w/ systole & diastole

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Blood pressure measurement procedure

Occlude circulation w/ cuff then gradually release pressure

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First sound

Systolic pressure (turbulent flow)

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Last sound

Diastolic pressure

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No sound

laminar flow

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Sinoatrial (SA) node

Fastest intrinsic rhythm (pacemakers)

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Conduction system

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node

2. Atrial depolarization

3. Atrioventricular (AV) node

4. AV bundle (of His)

5. Rt. & left bundle branches

6. Purkinje fibers

7. Cardiac muscle

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Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Electrical picture of heart
Measured w/ skin electrodes

<p>Electrical picture of heart<br>Measured w/ skin electrodes</p>
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P wave

Atrial depolarization

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QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

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T wave

ventricular repolarization

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Cardiac pressure cycle: Isovolumetric contraction

Pressure up and AVvs snap shut (lub)

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Cardiac pressure cycle: Ventricular pressure exceeds aortic

SL valves open

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Cardiac pressure cycle: Ventricles empty

Pressure go up then down; SLvs shut

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Cardiac pressure cycle: Isovolumetric relaxation

All valves shut

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Cardiac pressure cycle: Atrial exceeds
ventricular pressure

A-V valves open and ventricles fill

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Cardiac pressure cycle: Atrial contraction

Ventricles topped off

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Cardiac output (CO, ml/min) = Heart rate( HR, beats/min) * Stroke vol (SV, ml/beat)

Heart rate( HR, beats/min) * Stroke vol (SV, ml/beat)

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Heart rate control

Rate of spontaneous depolarization and Chronotropic (timing) effect

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Sympathetic do what?

inc. HR

inc contractility which inc Ca++ (ionotropic effect) and inc conduction speed through heart

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Parasympathetics

dec. HR

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End diastolic volume (EDV)

From venous return, preload, and if inc. then SV inc.

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Peripheral resistance (PR)

Resistance of arterial vessels, afterload, if inc. then SV dec.

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Contractility

Strength of contraction

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Frank-Starling law?

if ventricle strength inc → contraction force → then SV inc (graph shifts left to resemble inc)

enhanced by Sympathetic

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Ejection fraction

% EDV pumped out of heart (~ 60%)

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Preload (EDV) factors

Venous smooth muscle constriction and Skeletal muscle pump

inc. intrathoracic pressure → inc. return

inc. blood volume → inc. return

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Cardiac center is where?

In medulla

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Cardioacceleratory center is what?

To SA & AV nodes

Sympathetic fibers projected (+ cardiac muscle)

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Cardioinhibitory center is what?

Parasympathetic fibers projected

To SA & AV nodes

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Arteries - Elastic (conducting)

Largest diameter

mainly elastic tissue

inc pressure fluctuations

“pressure reservoir”

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Arteries - Muscular (distributing)

Smaller diameter

mainly smooth muscle

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Large Arterioles

still muscular

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Small Arterioles

begin losing musculature

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Capillaries

Single cell layer (endothelial)

~1000 m2 surface area

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Conts Capillaries

Muscle, lung, adipose, CNS

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Fenestrated Capillaries

Pores in cell

Kidneys, endocrine glands, intestines

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Disconts Capillaries

Gaps between cells

Bone marrow, liver, spleen

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Precapillary sphincters

Control flow through capillary bed

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Arterial end (O2 rich)

Hydrostatic > osmotic pressure

Net movement out (more)

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Venous end (CO2 rich)

Osmotic > hydrostatic pressure

Net movement in (less, ~ 9/10)

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Overall Capillary fluid exchange

Fluid movement out > movement in

Excess fluid removed by lymphatic system

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Edema

Tissue fluid accumulation

Possibly caused by:

• High arterial pressure
• Venous obstruction (clot)
• Plasma protein leakage

• dec in plasma protein concentration (liver disease)
• Lymphatic obstruction (elephantiasis – parasitic)

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Precapillary sphincter constriction

dec hydrostatic pressure

Same osmotic pressure

Possible flow reverse (… but more in)

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Venules

Merger of capillaries

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Veins (some smooth muscle)

Merger of venules

Volume reservoir (distensible)

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Blood flow in veins

low pressure

skeletal & smooth muscle contractions aid

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Flow direction in veins

Aided by one-way valves

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Anastomoses

> 1 blood vessel supplies tissue

Alternate routes (collateral channels) for blood

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Vasoconstriction & vasodilation

extremely important factors in controlling flowg flow

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