BIOL 4431 Exam 3 Part 2: Cardiovascular Functions

studied byStudied by 63 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Blood components

1 / 119

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Health

120 Terms

1

Blood components

Plasma is made with: Blood minus cell, ~50% of whole blood;

has water which is 90% of plasma and >100 diff. solutes;

has proteins mostly from liver and ~8% of plasma weight;

has albumins which is ~60% of plasma proteins, shuttle non-polar mols, maintain blood vol. (osmotic pressure), and act as buffer (bind & release H+)

has other proteins like antibodies & clotting factors

has other substances like nutrients, gasses, wastes, & ions

New cards
2

Serum

Plasma - plasma proteins;

Clotted-spun blood

New cards
3

Platelets

Involved in clotting,

Contact damaged surface & rupture,

Release contents,

Causes additional platelet sticking,

Platelet plug formed

New cards
4

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Biconcave shape (optimizes diffusion),

Contain hemoglobin (O2 carrier)

New cards
5

Leukocytes (WBC): Granulocytes

Inherited immunity (non-specific),

Lobed nuclei,

Neutrophils – stain little,

Eosinophils – stain pink,

Basophils – stain blue

New cards
6

Leukocytes (WBC): Agranulocytes

Acquired immunity (specific),

Less lobed nuclei

New cards
7

Formed element production

Same hematopoietic stem cell differentiates into all,

Different elements have different pathways

New cards
8

Antigen

CHO residue on RBC

New cards
9

Antibody

Recognizes antigen as self vs. non-self

New cards
10

O antigen

everyone has this

New cards
11

A antigen

“A” blood type

New cards
12

B antigen

“B” blood type

New cards
13

O

has A & B antibodies

New cards
14

A

has B antibodies

New cards
15

B

has A antibodies

New cards
16

AB

has no antibodies

New cards
17

Rh factor (D antigen)

are additxnal antigens and most people have it

New cards
18

Atria (atrium)

Receiving chambers from body (systemic) + lungs (pulmonary)

New cards
19

Right atrium blood source

Superior and inferior vena cava (from systemic)

Coronary sinuses (from myocardium)

New cards
20

Left atrium blood sources

Right & left pulmonary veins

New cards
21

Ventricles

Discharging chambers to body (systemic) + lungs (pulmonary)

New cards
22

Right ventricle

Thinner vs. left

Pumps to pulmonary trunk (artery)

New cards
23

Left ventricles

Thicker vs. right

Pumps to aorta (artery)

New cards
24

Pulmonary circuit

From right heart through lungs then returns to left heart

Low pressure (~15 mmHg)

New cards
25

Systemic circuit

From left heart through body then returns to right heart

Higher pressure (~100 mmHg)

New cards
26

Pericardium

Double-walled sac around heart

Within mediastinum (medial thoracic cavity)

Protects & anchors heart

New cards
27

Fibrous pericardium

Dense Connective Superficial tissue layer that helps prevent overfilling

New cards
28

Parietal

Below fibrous with serous (watery) secretions

New cards
29

Visceral

Against heart and serous

New cards
30

Pericardial cavity

B/w visceral & parietal that contains serous fluid, allowing smooth gliding of heart

New cards
31

Cardiac Muscle

Myocardium; Contractile layer of heart; Spiral & circular bundles

Joined by fibrous skeleton that works as one unit (interconnected cells)

New cards
32

Spontaneously depolarizes

Intrinsic rhythm

New cards
33

Intercalated disk

Depolarizes adjacent cells

New cards
34

Cardiac action potential

Plateau phase due to Ca++ entry

Long (250msec)

New cards
35

Endocardium

Smooth endothelial sheet (squamous)

On thin connective tissue layer

Lines chambers

Continuous w/ vessels

New cards
36

Valves

connective tissues reinforced endocardium that prevent backflow

New cards
37

Atrioventricular (AV) Right valve

Tricuspid

New cards
38

Atrioventricular (AV) Left valve

bicuspid (mitral)

New cards
39

Semilunar (SL) Valves

Aortic & pulmonary

Ventricular exits

New cards
40

Chordae tendineae

Anchor valve cusps (flaps) to papillary muscles

New cards
41

Papillary muscles

Small muscles located in the ventricle walls that help prevent the backflow of blood by keeping the atrioventricular valves closed during ventricular contraction.

New cards
42

Stenosis

Incomplete opening

New cards
43

Insufficiency

Incomplete closing

New cards
44

Prolapse

Valve bulges backward

New cards
45

Arteries

Branches from aorta and supply cardiac muscle

New cards
46

Veins

Roughly follow coronary artery paths, which join to form sinuses and empty into R. atrium

New cards
47

Systole

Ventricular contraction

AV valves close & SL valves open

New cards
48

Diastole

Ventricular relaxation

SL valves shut while AV valves open

New cards
49

“Lub”

Vents contract and AVvs close

New cards
50

“Dub”

Vents relax

SLvs close

New cards
51

Blood pressure measurement

Pressure in large arteries

Fluctuates w/ systole & diastole

New cards
52

Blood pressure measurement procedure

Occlude circulation w/ cuff then gradually release pressure

New cards
53

First sound

Systolic pressure (turbulent flow)

New cards
54

Last sound

Diastolic pressure

New cards
55

No sound

laminar flow

New cards
56

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Fastest intrinsic rhythm (pacemakers)

New cards
57

Conduction system

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node

2. Atrial depolarization

3. Atrioventricular (AV) node

4. AV bundle (of His)

5. Rt. & left bundle branches

6. Purkinje fibers

7. Cardiac muscle

New cards
58

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Electrical picture of heart
Measured w/ skin electrodes

<p>Electrical picture of heart<br>Measured w/ skin electrodes</p>
New cards
59

P wave

Atrial depolarization

New cards
60

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

New cards
61

T wave

ventricular repolarization

New cards
62

Cardiac pressure cycle: Isovolumetric contraction

Pressure up and AVvs snap shut (lub)

New cards
63

Cardiac pressure cycle: Ventricular pressure exceeds aortic

SL valves open

New cards
64

Cardiac pressure cycle: Ventricles empty

Pressure go up then down; SLvs shut

New cards
65

Cardiac pressure cycle: Isovolumetric relaxation

All valves shut

New cards
66

Cardiac pressure cycle: Atrial exceeds
ventricular pressure

A-V valves open and ventricles fill

New cards
67

Cardiac pressure cycle: Atrial contraction

Ventricles topped off

New cards
68

Cardiac output (CO, ml/min) = Heart rate( HR, beats/min) * Stroke vol (SV, ml/beat)

Heart rate( HR, beats/min) * Stroke vol (SV, ml/beat)

New cards
69

Heart rate control

Rate of spontaneous depolarization and Chronotropic (timing) effect

New cards
70

Sympathetic do what?

inc. HR

inc contractility which inc Ca++ (ionotropic effect) and inc conduction speed through heart

New cards
71

Parasympathetics

dec. HR

New cards
72

End diastolic volume (EDV)

From venous return, preload, and if inc. then SV inc.

New cards
73

Peripheral resistance (PR)

Resistance of arterial vessels, afterload, if inc. then SV dec.

New cards
74

Contractility

Strength of contraction

New cards
75

Frank-Starling law?

if ventricle strength inc → contraction force → then SV inc (graph shifts left to resemble inc)

enhanced by Sympathetic

New cards
76

Ejection fraction

% EDV pumped out of heart (~ 60%)

New cards
77

Preload (EDV) factors

Venous smooth muscle constriction and Skeletal muscle pump

inc. intrathoracic pressure → inc. return

inc. blood volume → inc. return

New cards
78

Cardiac center is where?

In medulla

New cards
79

Cardioacceleratory center is what?

To SA & AV nodes

Sympathetic fibers projected (+ cardiac muscle)

New cards
80

Cardioinhibitory center is what?

Parasympathetic fibers projected

To SA & AV nodes

New cards
81

Arteries - Elastic (conducting)

Largest diameter

mainly elastic tissue

inc pressure fluctuations

“pressure reservoir”

New cards
82

Arteries - Muscular (distributing)

Smaller diameter

mainly smooth muscle

New cards
83

Large Arterioles

still muscular

New cards
84

Small Arterioles

begin losing musculature

New cards
85

Capillaries

Single cell layer (endothelial)

~1000 m2 surface area

New cards
86

Conts Capillaries

Muscle, lung, adipose, CNS

New cards
87

Fenestrated Capillaries

Pores in cell

Kidneys, endocrine glands, intestines

New cards
88

Disconts Capillaries

Gaps between cells

Bone marrow, liver, spleen

New cards
89

Precapillary sphincters

Control flow through capillary bed

New cards
90

Arterial end (O2 rich)

Hydrostatic > osmotic pressure

Net movement out (more)

New cards
91

Venous end (CO2 rich)

Osmotic > hydrostatic pressure

Net movement in (less, ~ 9/10)

New cards
92

Overall Capillary fluid exchange

Fluid movement out > movement in

Excess fluid removed by lymphatic system

New cards
93

Edema

Tissue fluid accumulation

Possibly caused by:

• High arterial pressure
• Venous obstruction (clot)
• Plasma protein leakage

• dec in plasma protein concentration (liver disease)
• Lymphatic obstruction (elephantiasis – parasitic)

New cards
94

Precapillary sphincter constriction

dec hydrostatic pressure

Same osmotic pressure

Possible flow reverse (… but more in)

New cards
95

Venules

Merger of capillaries

New cards
96

Veins (some smooth muscle)

Merger of venules

Volume reservoir (distensible)

New cards
97

Blood flow in veins

low pressure

skeletal & smooth muscle contractions aid

New cards
98

Flow direction in veins

Aided by one-way valves

New cards
99

Anastomoses

> 1 blood vessel supplies tissue

Alternate routes (collateral channels) for blood

New cards
100

Vasoconstriction & vasodilation

extremely important factors in controlling flowg flow

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 18 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 34 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 57 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 1975 people
... ago
4.7(11)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (93)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (115)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (22)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(3)
flashcards Flashcard (75)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 27 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (40)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (134)
studied byStudied by 2615 people
... ago
4.0(26)
robot