Key Concepts of the Age of Exploration and Enlightenment

mercantilism

Collecting gold and silver and exporting as much product as possible to maximize profit for the country

the Columbian Exchange

The exchange of people, products, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

the motivating factors for the Age of Exploration

God, Glory, Gold

countries that dominated the Age of Exploration

Spain and Portugal

the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Treaty between Spain and Portugal - Spain had control over one half of the world, Portugal the other

Latin American civilizations that collapsed at the hands of Spanish conquistadors

Aztecs (Cortés), Incas (Pizarro)

effects of the Age of Exploration

Europeans: wealth, power, spread of Christianity; Native populations: decline, loss of land and culture; Africans: Atlantic slave trade, disrupted communities

the Atlantic Slave Trade

Forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas to be enslaved on plantations - Part of the triangular trade system

the encomienda system

Spanish labor system where colonists had control over indigenous people in exchange for protection and religion

characteristics of absolute monarchies

Unlimited power, Power by divine right, Centralized control, Censorship, state religion, hereditary rule

the Divine Right of Kings

Power to rule given by God - Passed down hereditarily

Philip II

Absolute monarch of Spain - Strong Catholic, Spanish Armada - Gained wealth from colonies - Divine right and centralized power

Louis XIV

Sun King, ruled 72 years - Built Versailles - Revoked Edict of Nantes - Fought costly wars, left France in debt

the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) and its significance

Ended 30 Years' War - Weakened HRE - Strengthened France and Sweden - Started system of sovereign states

empire the Hapsburgs sought to become absolute monarchs over

Austria

family who became absolute monarchs in Prussia

Hohenzollerns - Loyalty to state and king

Peter the Great

Modernized and westernized Russia - Built navy, St. Petersburg - Reformed military, education, customs

what Russian monarchs sought throughout history because of their geography

Warm water ports, Expansion south, Baltic Sea access

the Glorious Revolution

Bloodless overthrow of James II in England

events of the age of absolutism in England led to

Conflict with Parliament, English Civil War, Execution of Charles I, Cromwell's rule, Restoration and constitutional monarchy

characteristics of the Age of Enlightenment

Rationalism and empiricism - Focused on reason, science, and knowledge - Reforms in government, religion, education

how the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment are similar

Both emphasized reason and observation - Challenged traditional authority

Thomas Hobbes

Believed people are selfish - Supported absolute monarchy - 'Leviathan' - people need strong ruler

John Locke

Humans are rational and cooperative - Natural rights: life, liberty, property - Right to overthrow bad government

Social Contract Theory

Right to rule comes from agreement among people

the State of Nature

People living without government

government supported by Rousseau, Voltaire, Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu

Rousseau: direct democracy, Voltaire: enlightened democracy, Hobbes: absolute monarchy, Locke: constitutional monarchy, Montesquieu: separation of powers

what Montesquieu was known for

Separation of powers - Checks and balances

what Voltaire was known for

Tolerance, reason - Freedom of speech and religion - Criticized authority with satire

causes of the French Revolution

Enlightenment ideals, Economic troubles, Weak leadership

the Estates General

Assembly of all 3 estates - One vote per estate; third estate was underrepresented

movement that drove the French Revolution

The Enlightenment

overall theme of the French Revolution

Liberty, equality, fraternity - Overthrow monarchy for republic

Order of legislative bodies during the French Revolution

National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, The Directory

Maximilien Robespierre

Jacobin leader known for the Reign of Terror and the Law of Suspects, mass executions

Party responsible for the Reign of Terror

Jacobins, led by Robespierre

Reasons French supported Napoleon

Promised stability, military success, reforms and nationalism

How Napoleon gained control over France

Military hero, Coup d'état, Became First Consul, then Emperor

How Napoleon provided structure and stability

Reformed taxes and education, established a national bank, and signed a Concordat with the church

Concordat of 1801

Agreement with Pope recognizing church influence but limited politically

Elements of the Napoleonic Code

Uniform law, legal equality, religious freedom, limited speech and women's rights, restored slavery

Objective of Napoleon's Continental System

Blockade Britain; failed due to British navy being stronger, smuggling, and noncompliance

Consequences of Napoleon's conquests in Europe

Large empire, spread reforms, sparked resistance and war

How Napoleon promoted nationalism outside of France

Opposition to French control inspired independence movements

Reasons for Napoleon's invasion of Russia failure

Scorched-earth tactics, harsh winter, starvation, disease, retreat

Goals and objectives of the Congress of Vienna

Lasting peace, balance of power, restore monarchies

Influence of Enlightenment and American/French Revolutions on Latin America

Inspired fight for liberty and independence from European rule

Definition of nationalism

Strong identification with people and culture; can unify or destroy nations

Difference between nationalism and patriotism

Patriotism = love for country; Nationalism = competitive devotion

Realpolitik

Practical politics over moral or ideological principles

Communism

Radical socialism where people own and control production

Capitalism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Capitalism: private ownership, profit motive; Laissez-faire: minimal government interference

Reasons Industrial Revolution began in England

Waterways and coal/iron, foreign resources, agricultural productivity, urbanization and business-friendly environment

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Positive: jobs, tech, goods, living standards, education; Negative: harsh labor, child labor, pollution, inequality

Motivating factors for Imperialism

Economic: resources and markets; Political: power and competition; Ideological: Social Darwinism; Religious: missionary work

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest; justified imperialism and racism

White Man's Burden

Poem calling on westerners to civilize others

Berlin Conference of 1884

Divided Africa among Europeans with no African input

Cecil Rhodes

British industrialist in Africa who wanted Cape-to-Cairo railway and expanded British empire

Effects of the partition of Africa

Military and religious resistance, African reforms after failed revolts

Governance of the British Raj

Viceroy ruled for British monarch, Brits held top posts, Indians in lower positions

Sepoy Mutiny

Rebellion over religious disrespect leading to brutal conflict and British crackdown

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign uprising in China targeting Christians and Europeans

US acquisition of Hawaii

Sugar plantation owners gained power and Hawaii was annexed after tariff ended sugar advantage

Opium Wars

British traded opium to China; war broke out when China resisted and Britain's navy won

European nations' spheres of influence in China

Established for trade and investment control without direct rule

Difference between British East India Company and British Raj

BEIC: private company; Raj: direct British government rule

Consequences of European imperialism

Resource exploitation, cultural destruction, political and economic instability