Artic and Lang Disorders Exam 1

What are primary language disorders

receptive language disorder, expressive language disorder, mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

Receptive language disorder

significant problems with comprehension of language, but normal expressive language skills

Expressive language disorder

significant problems with expression of language, but normal receptive language skills

Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

significant impairments in both the comprehension and expression of language, most common type

Characteristics of late talkers/LLE/Language delays

develops 2-4 yrs old, late onset of first words, an expressive vocabulary of fewer than 50 words and no two-word combinations by 24 months of age, no obvious biological factors often family history of late talking

Predictors of language outcomes

limited use of gestures, poor language comprehension, limited vocabulary

Causes for LLE

genetics, gender: boys higher risk, parents education/education: mostly maternal,. lower SES, premature/low birth weight

Characteristics of DLD

develops at 5 yrs old: speaks in sentence fragments w a lot of pausing to organize thoughts, generally know what they want to say, frustration when they can’t get their message across

Characteristics of DLD in the classroom

frustration, could be very quiet, they might copy others, may not be able to complete their homework, easily distracted, may not have many friends

DLD content/semantics

difficulty w non word repetition, word association and categorization (poodle=dog), figurative language, small vocab and restricted understanding of meanings

DLD form/morphology

difficulty understanding complex syntax (passive voice), poor sentence recall, number of errors is slightly higher but hallmark is simplification rather than a lot of errors; fewer complex morphemes

DLD use/pragmatic language

difficulty adjusting the way they talk (code switching), less sensitive to the audience, difficulty repairing communication breakdowns

SLI

exclusion diagnosis, diagnosed in children with a nonverbal IQ of 85 or higher, sub category of DLD

Intellectual Disability: diagnostic criteria (DSM-5)

deficits in intellectual functioning: reasoning problem solving and learning, deficits in adaptive functioning: independent living skills, communication and social skills, activities of daily living, onset is before 18 yrs old

Intellectual disability prenatal causes

chromosomal, maternal infectious processes (like rubella syphilis), maternal toxins and chemical agents (fetal alcohol syndrome, lead poisoning), prenatal trauma

Intellectual disability perinatal causes

third trimester problems (pregnancy complications, diseases in mother like heart and kidney and diabetes), labor and delivery problems (extreme prematurity, birth asphyxia, birth trauma)

Intellectual disability postnatal causes

brain infections, TBI, toxins, nutritional issuses (severe prolonged malnutrition), gross brain disease (tumors), psychocosocial disadvantage (impoverished enviroment)

Intellectual disability characteristics

deficits in all 5 aspects of language Difficulty learning new information, Slow learning rate, Poor memory, Difficulty with problem-solving

What are developmental disabilities

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, Fetal alcohol syndrome, Intellectual disability

Developmental diabilities classification

4 levels: mild (IQ 50-69), moderate (IQ 36-49), severe (IQ 20-35), profound (IQ < 20)

Down syndrome background

occurs in all race/ethnicities, can be detected before birth, one in every 700 babies are born w it, genetics: Trisomy 21 - 3 copies of chromosome 21

Down syndrome physical characteristics

small oral cavity (protruding tongue, issues w articulation), heart defects, foreshortening of limbs, obesity, motor delays

Down syndrome intellectual characteristics

mild to severe ID (most IQ in moderate range), often strong adaptive behavior skills, temperament (outgoing, sunny), stubbornness

Down syndrome attention and memory characteristics

visual stronger than auditory, attention and memory are challenges

Down syndrome language challenges

significant delays in prelinguistic development and emergence of first words, difficulties w articulating sounds, delays in syntax and morphology development, reduced vocab

Down syndrome language strengths

pragmatics, intentional communication, receptive abilities, semantics is a relative strength compared to other language areas

Down syndrome causes

Trisomy 21: an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in 3 copies instead of 2

ASD causes

Genetics (80%): hereditary, nonhereditary (random copy error), epigenetics: meaning a combination of having a specific gene and the environment, mitochondrial or metabolic diseases (diabetes)

ASD diagnostic criteria (DSM-5): A

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, currently, or by history

A1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity

difficulty in taking turns, difficulty initiating or responding to social interaction, reduced sharing of interests

A2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction

poorly integrated verbal amd nonverbal communication, abnormalities in eye cntact and body language

A3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships

difficulties in sharing imaginative play, absence of interest in peers

ASD diagnostic criteria (DSM-5): B

restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following, currently, or by history

B1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects or speech

motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases

B2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of verbal and nonverbal behavior

extreme distress at small changes, greeting rituals, need to take some route or eat same food everyday

B3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus

strong attachment to or preoccupation w unusual objects, excessively circumscribed interests

B4. Hyper/hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environment

overreactive/hypersensitive, under-reactive/hyposensitive, unusual sensory interests