Male Reproductive Pathophysiology Disorders - Vocabulary Flashcards (Video Notes)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture notes on male reproductive system disorders.

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the epididymis; commonly due to sexually transmitted infections (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis) or non-sexually transmitted organisms (Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli).

Epididymo-orchitis

Spread of epididymal infection to the testis, causing combined epididymal and testicular inflammation; may present with enlarged, tender scrotum.

Testicular cancer

Malignancy most common in ages 15–45; ~95% arise from germ cells; multifactorial pathogenesis; high cure rates with early detection.

Germ cell tumor

Testicular tumors arising from germ cells; divided into seminomas and non-seminomatous types; most are malignant.

Seminoma

A type of germ cell tumor; among the most common germ cell neoplasms; typically presents as a uniform mass.

Spermatocytic seminoma

Rare variant of seminoma; occurs less commonly than classical seminoma.

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumor

Germ cell tumors not classified as seminomas; include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma.

Embryonal carcinoma

A highly malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumor.

Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumor; common in childhood.

Teratoma

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumor containing multiple tissue types; can be mature or immature.

Choriocarcinoma

Highly malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumor with early hematogenous spread.

Leydig cell tumor

Sex cord-stromal tumor of the testis; usually benign.

Sertoli cell tumor

Sex cord-stromal tumor of the testis; typically benign.

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

Common enlargement of the prostate due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of stromal and glandular elements; central/transitional zone affected; can cause urinary obstruction.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Androgen that drives prostatic growth; formed from testosterone; key mediator of BPH.

Androgens

Male sex hormones (e.g., testosterone); influence prostatic growth and BPH.

Estrogens

Sex hormones that may act with DHT to influence growth of prostatic tissue.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland; can be bacterial (acute or chronic) or noninfectious.

Bacterial prostatitis

Prostatitis caused by bacteria (e.g., E. coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia); often ascending infection from urethra or cystitis.

Prostate cancer

Most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia; ~1 in 6 men by age 85; predominantly adenocarcinoma; often detected via PSA and DRE.

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Malignant proliferation of prostatic glandular epithelium; the most common histologic type of prostate cancer.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Blood test used to screen for and monitor prostate cancer; levels may also be elevated in BPH.

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

Physical examination to assess the prostate and detect nodules or irregularities associated with cancer.

Central/transitional zone

Prostatic zones where BPH tends to occur; cancers typically arise in the peripheral zone.

Peripheral zone

Prostatic zone where most prostate cancers arise.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

Penile cancer; ~95% are squamous cell carcinoma; commonly on the glans or inner foreskin; HPV-associated or HPV-independent.

HPV-associated penile cancer

Penile squamous cell carcinoma linked to human papillomavirus; tends to occur in younger men with multiple sexual partners.

Phimosis

Inability to retract the foreskin; chronic inflammation and infection risk; etiologic factor for penile cancer.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Infections transmitted sexually; include bacteria, viruses, and parasites such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), HIV, HSV-1/2, HPV, and Trichomonas vaginalis.