CHM2211- Ch. 19 IUPAC etc

Carboxylic Acid (Substituent)

Carboxy

Carboxylic Acid (suffix)

-oic acid

Esters (Substituent)

alkoxycarbonyl

Ester (Suffix)

-oate

Acid Halides (Substituent)

halocarbonyl

Acid Halides (Suffix)

-oyl halide

Amides (Substituent)

carbamoyl

Amides (Suffix)

-amide

Nitriles (Substituent)

cyano

Nitriles (Suffix)

-nitrile

Aldehydes (Substituent)

oxo (formyl)

Aldehydes (Suffix)

-al

Ketones (Substituents)

oxo

Ketones (Suffix)

-one

Alcohols (Substituent)

hydroxy

Alcohols (Suffix)

-ol

Amines (Substituents)

amino

Amines (Suffix)

-amine

Ethers (Substituent)

alkoxy

Ethers (suffix)

-ethers

formaldehyde

acetaldehyde

benzaldehyde

acetone

acetophenone

benzophenone

ketones can be named in ‘alkyl alkyl ketones’ order

isopropyl methyl ketone

carbaldehyde

Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?

Steric hindrance and electronic effect. Carbonyl carbon in aldehyde has less EDG so the positive character is more enhanced, therefore a better electrophile for reactions.

Nucleophilic attack in basic condition

directly into a nucleophilic attack