Sigma AP Score - AP HUG

All Definitions Units 1-5 & 7

3 Types of Distribution

density, concentration, and pattern

Absolute distance

describing how far a distance is quantitative units of distance (miles, kilometers, etc.)

Absolute location

describing where something is using the exact site on an objective coordinate system

Capitalism

an economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled mainly by private owners for profit, rather than by the state - limited government control of the economy

Cartography

the science and art of drawing maps

Case study

detailed observations that provide insight into a group of people in a specific area

Census

an official count of individuals in a population (in the USA, it happens every 10 years)

cold war [lower case]

a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats short of open warfare

Cold War [upper case]

the state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet Union and the US and their allies from 1945 to 1990

Communism

an economic system in which all (or nearly all) trade and industry are collectively owned by the state and not by individual citizens - near total control of the economy by the government

Concentration

how closely packed together objects are

Contagious diffusion

when a cultural trend is transmitted from person to person from an original source to numerous others, similar to a virus or viral video

Cultural Landscape

the title of our textbook and more importantly, the visible changes that humans make to the enviroment including buildings, crops, and signs

Culture

the social heritage of a group or their way of life - major components are language, religion, ethnicity, food, and roles

Density

the number of things divided by the measurement of area

Diffusion

a feature or idea that is spread from its originating place, outward - the 3 types are contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion

Distance decay

the idea that the interaction between two places declines as the distance between them increases

Environmental determinism

the belief that a physical environment is THE reason that some societies are strong while others are weaker

Environmental possibilism

the belief that a physical environment plays a role in the development of a society, but is NOT the ONLY factor at work

Expansion diffusion

a trend is spread from its originating place, outward

Formal region

a region that is based entirely on something that can be identified and documented or measured - all government areas are this because they share a government

Friction of distance

a metaphor that explains that effort must be used to overcome distance

Functional region

a region based around a node or focal point - terrestrial radio broadcasts are an example of this

Geospatial

relating to data that is specific to one location

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

software that captures, manages, analyzes, and displays data that is collected geographically

Globalization

worldwide integration and development which results in the expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities

GPS (Global Positioning System)

a system that measures distance from a series of satellites to determine location on the planet

Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction

the most important model in geography - (population1 x population2)/distance squared - the interconnectedness of 2 places depends on their distance and population

Hearth

a source of culture (where a culture began)

Hierarchical diffusion

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Infrastructure

the basic facilities and installations that help a government or community run, including roads, schools, phone lines, sewage treatment plants and power generation

Natural resource

a physical material constituting part of Earth that people need and value

Projection

a method of taking a 3D object and putting in on a 2D plane

Qualitative data

subjective information that is opinion based, is usually descriptive, and often expressed as text

Quantitative data

objective data that is fact based, usually measurable and usually expressed in numbers

Reference map

maps that emphasizes the location of places (without data attached)

Region

a place larger than a point and smaller than a planet that is grouped together because of a measurable or perceived common feature

Relative distance

describing the distance between locations using qualitative terms or non-traditional measurements of distance (one hour north of)

Relative location

describing the position of a place as compared to (or relative to!) another landmark

Relocation diffusion

the physical spread of a feature or trait by people migrating

Remote sensing

the science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on airplanes or satellites

Scale

the relationship between the distance on the ground and the corresponding distance on a specific map

Scale of analysis

how zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data

Socialism

an economic system in which trade and industry are partially collectively owned by the state and partially privately owned by individual citizens - partial control of the economy by the government

Spatial

it's not as complicated as it sounds - a fancy word for describing how things are organized in space

Spatial distribution

arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface

Spatial Interaction

the flow of goods, people, or information among places, in response to localized supply and demand

Stimulus diffusion

when a feature or idea spreads, but is changed by those adopting the idea

Sustainability

the goal of the human race reaching equilibrium with the environment; meeting the needs of the present without while also leaving resources for future generations

Temporal

relating to time

Thematic maps

a map that displays not only locations but maps a topic or theme of information with the location

Time-space compression

the idea that the world feels smaller than it used to because of increased technology in transportation and communication

Toponym

a place name

Uneven development

unequal distribution of people, resources, and wealth within a region

Vernacular/perceptual region

an area that shares a common qualitative characteristic, it's only a region because people believe it's a region

antinatalist policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase. Think: China's One Child Policy or India's controversial forced sterilization of men in the 1970s.

arable land

Land that is suitable for agriculture (growing crops)

arithmetic growth

Linear increases at a constant rate (1,2,3,4...)

asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to a new country to be legally recognized as a refugee

arithmetic (crude) population density

The total number of people divided by the total amount of land area; the least useful measure of population density

brain gain

The opposite of brain drain; opening up new opportunities and bringing business experience and special skills

brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people (usually from LDCs to MDCs)

carrying capacity

The number of people an area can support on a sustained basis. Not a consistent figure, it depends largely on the area's level of technology.

chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members (earlier "links") of the same nationality previously migrated there

cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic such as age or sex and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

constrictive population pyramid

A top-heavy population pyramid with higher proportions in older age groups indicates a declining population. This may result from a long period of below replacement fertility, alongside low death rates.

crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

degenerative disease

a disease most associaetd with old age; causes a breakdown of the body cells, tissues, and organs as it progresses

demographic momentum

The tendency for a population to continue growing after a fertility decline due to so many young people entering their childrearing years

demographic transition (theory)

The process of a change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth rates, high crude death rates, and low rates of natural increase (yielding a low total population) to a condition of low crude birth rates and death rates, and low rates of natural increase (yielding a higher total population).

density

The frequency (number of times) with which something exists within a given unit of area (Example: 10 people per sq. kilometer)

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

distance decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

doubling time

The length of time (in years) needed to double the population; can be calculated with the Rule of 70.

emigration

Migration from a location

endemic

A disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location

epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

expansive population pyramid

Young populations that have a typical 'pyramid' shape, with a broad base indicating high proportions of children. Indicates a population undergoing rapid growth.

epidemiologic transition

The process by which the pattern of death and disease in a population is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemics to one of degenerative and chronic illnesses affecting principally the elderly

exponential (geometric) growth

A pattern of growth that shows greater increases with passing time (1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128... vs. 1,2,3,4...); forms a J-curve when graphed and characterizes population growth following the Industrial Revolution.

family planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of children through the use of birth control

female infanticide

The intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females (a problem in the past in India and China where there has been a son preference)

forced migration

Migration that involves the involuntary movement from one's home, when people have no choice but to migrate (example: slavery)

gravity model

A model that states spatial interaction- including migration- is directly related to the size of the populations and inversely related to the distance between them

guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

immigration

Migration to a location

Industrial Revolution

The process of change from an agricultural and handicraft (cottage) economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced new ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world.

infant mortality rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1-year-old for every 1,000 live births in a society; provides insight into the level of development of a country, its healthcare system, and the status of women.

infectious disease

A disease that is caused by a pathogen (bacteria or virus) and that can be spread from one individual to another.

internal migration

Migration within the borders of a country.

internally displaced persons (IDP)

A forced or reluctant migrant who has fled their home as a refugee but who has not migrated across an international border.

interregional migration

Migration from region to another region. Example: Moving from Moreno Valley, Ca. to San Francisco, Ca. (the region of Southern California to Northern California).

intervening obstacles

Any force or factor that may limit human migration. Example: A migrant attempting to immigrate to the U.S. legally from the United States will encounter a complicated set of legal hurdles. A migrant attempting to immigrate to the United States illegally will have to navigate challenges that conclude border patrol agents, a harsh desert border environment, and exploitative "coyotes" (smugglers).

intervening opportunities

A feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one. (Part of Lee's Model of Migration )

intraregional migration

Migration within the same region (example: moving across town).

LDC

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live

Thomas Malthus

Argued that food production would not be able to keep up with population growth (exceeding the carrying capacity), resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity.

MDC

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.