qualitative data analysis

qualitativedataanalysis

It is the process of organizing, understanding, and interpreting non-numerical data (like interviews or written responses).

qualitativedataanalysis

The goal is to find patterns, meanings, and themes from what participants said or did.

Interview transcripts

Focus group discussions

Observation notes

Open-ended survey answers

Journals or diaries

Social media posts or pictures

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA

Content Analysis

is a systematic and objective approach to analyzing data by categorizing, coding, and quantifying specific words, themes, or concepts within a text.

Narrativeanalysis

focuses on interpreting and understanding the stories and personal narratives shared by individuals.

Narrativeanalysis

researchers analyze the structure, content, and meaning of these narratives to gain insights into how individuals make sense of their experiences, construct identities, and communicate their perspectives.

Discourseanalysis

examines the social, cultural, and power relations that shape language use in different contexts.

Discourseanalysis

It focuses on the ways in which language constructs and reflects social reality, identities, and ideologies.

Groundedtheory

is an approach to qualitative analysis that aims to develop theories and concepts grounded in data.

Groundedtheory

It involves iterative data collection and analysis to develop an inductive theory that emerges from the unstructured data itself.

Thematicanalysis

is a common qualitative research method that involves identifying and analyzing patterns or themes.

Thematicanalysis

It's a way to organize large volumes of text-based information into a coding framework like groups or themes.

1. Familiarization

2. Coding

3. Categorizing

5. Interpretation

STEPS IN QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Coding

Example:

"I feel pressured because of my workload."

Codes: pressure, stress, workload

Categorizing

Example:

pressure + deadlines → "Academic demands"

anxiety + sleeplessness → "Emotional strain"

Reminders

- Ensure Trustworthiness

- Reflexivity

RELIABILITY

Ability of the test to give CONSISTENT RESULT

INCONSISTENT

NOT RELIABLE

FIRST TRY: 50 KG

SECOND TRY: 40 KG

THIRD TRY: 60 KG

NOT RELIABALE

IQ TEST:

FIRST ADMINISTRATION: AVERAGE

SECOND ADMINISTRATION: BELOW AVERAGE

THIRD ADMINISTRATION: ABOVE AVERAGE

Test-Retest Reliability

Alternate Form Reliability

Internal Consistency

Inter-Rater Reliability

METHODS IN OBTAINING RELIABILITY

-Split Half Reliability

-Cronbach's Alpha

-Kuder-Richardson Method (KR 20)

Internal Consistency

TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY

Used to evaluate the error associated with administering a test at two different times.

TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY

This type of analysis is of value only when we measure "TRAITS" or characteristics that do not change over time

ALTERNATE-FORM RELIABILITY

Compares two equivalent forms of a test that measure the same attribute.

INTERNALCONSISTENCY

Used when tests are administered once.

INTERNALCONSISTENCY

This model of reliability measures the internal consistency of the test which is the degree to which each test item measures the same construct.

INTERNALCONSISTENCY

If all items on a test measure the same construct, then it has a good internal consistency

Split Half Reliability

obtained by correlating two pairs of scores obtained from equivalent halves of a single test administered once.

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY: CRONBACH'S ALPHA

Use in tests with no right or wrong answers

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY: CRONBACH'S ALPHA

Used in personality tests and multiple-scored items.

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY: KUDER RICHARDSON 20 (KR20)

used for calculating the reliability of a test in which the items are dichotomous or scored a 0 or I with varying level of difficulty

INTERRATER RELIABILITY

individuals are assessed independently by observers or raters who make use of rating scales agreed beforehand.

INTERRATER RELIABILITY

Sufficient training is needed.

Scorer reliability, judge reliability, observer reliability.

KAPPA STATISTIC

INTERRATER RELIABILITY

KAPPA STATISTIC

METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGREEMENT AMONG SEVERAL OBSERVERS

Cohen's kappa

used to know the agreement among two raters

Cohen's kappa

used to know the agreement among 3 or more raters.

VALIDITY

Is the degree to which the measurement process measures the variable that it claims to measure.

VALIDITY

To predict thinking/behaviour

VALIDITY

Extent to which the test is taken seriously by test-takers

CONSTRUCT IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES

Convergent Validity

Discriminant Validity

Is the test measuring what it claims to measure?

CRITERION PREDICTION PROCEDURE

Predictive Validity

Concurrent Validity

Can a test predict future thinking and Dehaviour?

CONTENT DESCRIPTION PROCEDURES

Content Validity

Face Validity

Will the participants take the test seriously? is the test presentable?

Convergent Validity

correlate test to another established test (related or same construct)

Convergent Validity

Step 1: Find established test that is strongly related to your test's construct

Step 2: Administer the two tests (established test and your test) to the sample

Step 3: Correlate

Convergent Validity

Possible Outcomes:

1. Correlation coefficient is strong and positive - VALID

ii. Correlation coefficient is negative and strong-INVALID

iii. Correlation coefficient is weak-INVALID

Discriminant Validity

correlate test to unrelated construct

Discriminant Validity

Step 1: Find another established unrelated test

Step 2: Administer both tests

Step 3: Correlate

Discriminant Validity

Possible Outcomes:

i. Correlation coefficient is strong and positive - INVALID

ii. Correlation coefficient is negative and strong-INVALID

iii. Correlation coefficient is weak - VALID

Predictive Validity

test the ability of the test to predict a future criterion,

Predictive Validity

Step 1: Administer the test.

Step 2: Get results

Step 3: Select future appropriate criterion-concrete numerical expression/observable indicators of a test construct

Example: Test construct-Intelligence

Criterion-School GPA, IQ score

Step 4: Wait for the future criterion

Step 5: Correlate

Concurrent Validity

testing the ability of the test to predict using an already existing criterion.

Concurrent Validity

Step 1: Administer the test

Step 2: Get results

Step 3: Select existing criterion

Step 4: Correlate

Content Validity

examines appropriateness of test items of a psychological test. Do the items belong to the test or not? Are all the items in the test supposed to be in the test?

Face Validity

presentation or physical appearance of the psychological test. Is this test presentable to the test takers?

Face Validity

1. The test looks like a test.

ii. Age appropriateness (kids vs adults)

-Design

-Language difficulty

ii. Free from grammatical errors