Cerebral Palsy and Cleft Issues in Speech-Language Pathology

Flashcards created for review of lecture notes on cerebral palsy, cleft lip and palate, voice disorders, and related interventions in speech-language pathology.

What is cerebral palsy?

a disorder of movement resulting from damage to the brain during the period of brain growth and development.

Name the three categories of causes/etiology for cerebral palsy.

Prenatal (before birth), perinatal (during birth), and postnatal (after birth until age 12).

What are the orthopedic classifications of cerebral palsy based on severity?

mild, moderate, severe, or profound.

List the types of involvement in cerebral palsy.

Spasticity, athetosis, ataxia, tremor, and rigidity.

What is spasticity in the context of cerebral palsy?

refers to hyperactivity of the stretch reflex resulting in spasms and very tense muscles.

What are potential communication problems associated with cerebral palsy?

Auditory comprehension deficits, hearing deficits, visual comprehension problems, voice problems, and nonverbal AAC.

What is a cleft lip?

a congenital split in the upper lip that can occur anywhere in the body where structures are meant to fuse.

When does the closure of the lips occur during embryological development?

within the first 5-6 weeks of gestation.

What is a bifid uvula?

slight cleft of the uvula, resembling a forked structure.

How common are clefts of the lip and palate?

approximately 1 in 750 births.

What is submucosal cleft palate?

occurs when the soft palate is cleft but the covering membrane remains intact.

What is the rule of 10 for repairing a cleft lip?

Repair of the cleft lip is performed when the patient is at least 10 weeks old, weighs 10 pounds, and has a hemoglobin of 10.

Differentiate between a genetic syndrome and a sequence.

A syndrome is a recurrent pattern of anomalies with a single etiology, while a sequence consists of two or more anomalies occurring together caused by a primary anomaly.

What is craniosynostosis?

is the premature closing of one or more gaps between the skull bones.

What defines neurogenic voice disorders?

Neurogenic voice disorders result from damage to parts of the central and peripheral nervous system involved in voice production.

What are the major symptoms of dysarthria?

Dysarthria is characterized by weakness in the muscles or an inability to control aspects of speech execution.

How does Alzheimer's disease impact language?

Alzheimer's may lead to restricted vocabulary, word finding difficulties, and problems following multi-step directions.

What are the two types of strokes?

Ischemic (due to blood clots) and hemorrhagic (rupture of blood vessels).

What is a paraphasia?

A paraphasia is the substitution of one word for another, which can be verbal, phonemic, neologistic, or semantic.

Describe the significance of Section 504 and FAPE.

Section 504 prohibits discrimination against those with disabilities, ensuring free appropriate public education is provided.

What are typical outcomes of right hemisphere strokes?

Right hemisphere strokes typically do not cause aphasia.

Name one medical complication of cerebral palsy.

Contractures (shortening of muscles) is one of the medical complications.

What is the SLP's role in treating cleft lip and palate?

The SLP addresses language delays, voice disorders, articulation, hearing loss, and dysphagia.

What is hypernasality?

Hypernasality occurs when too much air resonates in the nasal cavity on non-nasal sounds.

What are common psychosocial issues for parents of a child with a cleft lip/palate?

Psychosocial issues can include devastating experiences, self-image problems, and societal pressure regarding appearance.

What is the treatment plan for a patient with mild brain injury?

A treatment plan may include discharge planning, higher-level assessments, and addressing social skills.

What differentiates organic disorders from neurogenic disorders of communication?

Organic disorders involve physical anomalies, while neurogenic disorders result from neurological damage.

List common treatment methods for voice therapy.

Voice rest, surgery to remove growths, laryngeal injections, and behavior modification.

What could be a therapy goal for patients with structurally related voice disorders?

To reduce vocal abuse and increase hydration.

Explain what is meant by executive functions in the context of TBI.

Executive functions include the cognitive processes that help with planning, decision making, and managing time and space.

How is mild traumatic brain injury typically assessed?

Through standardized assessments and informal interviews to gather comprehensive history.

What is the impact of TBI on job performance?

TBI can impair cognitive and communication abilities, affecting overall job performance and educational placement.

What is the typical effect of postnatal complications on children?

Postnatal complications can impact development and lead to issues like language delays and cognitive difficulties.

What are some common risks associated with Alzheimer’s disease?

Age, heredity, genetics, head injury, and lack of sleep are potential risk factors.

Describe the differences in communication abilities of individuals with Broca's aphasia.

Individuals with Broca's aphasia can understand speech but struggle to express themselves fluently.

What is the laryngeal web?

A laryngeal web is a thin sheet of connective tissue that connects two vocal folds, obstructing airflow.

What does EVD stand for in relation to brain injury?

EVD stands for external ventricular drain, used to manage intracranial pressure in brain injury patients.

Differentiate between 'hoarseness' and 'breathiness' in vocal disorders.

Hoarseness involves irregular VF vibration due to irritation, while breathiness occurs when VF do not close properly, allowing air to escape.

What defines types of dysarthria?

Types of dysarthria differ by the underlying muscle weakness or control issues affecting speech production.

What is Ataxia in the context of cerebral palsy?

Ataxia refers to dyscoordination and tremors in both fine and gross motor activities.

What are common behaviors seen in voice disorders?

Behaviors can include strained voices, excessive throat clearing, and poor vocal hygiene.

What is the relationship between cognition and language ability?

Cognition is directly related to linguistic ability, impacting overall communicative competence.

What strategies might an SLP employ for clients with cognitive deficits due to TBI?

SLPs may focus on memory aids, structured routines, and rehabilitation of communication skills.

Identify the role of an SLP when working with individuals with hemifacial microsomia.

An SLP may address speech and language development affected by facial structural abnormalities.

Explain the term 'anoxia' in TBI contexts.

Anoxia refers to an abnormally low supply of oxygen to the brain, which can significantly affect brain function.

What factors may affect a child's communication abilities with cleft lip/palate?

Hearing loss, articulation problems, and language delays are potential factors.

How does dysphagia impact treatment for individuals with cerebral palsy?

Dysphagia can complicate feeding and nutrition, requiring specific therapeutic interventions from the SLP.

What are the complications associated with hemiplegia?

Muscle weakness, spasticity, and coordination issues are common complications of hemiplegia.

State the primary focus for SLP when assessing severe TBIs.

Focus on restoring communication functions and cognitive-linguistic skills.

What characterizes a global aphasia?

Global aphasia shows severe impairments in both expressive and receptive language skills.

Differentiate between aspiration and choking in the context of dysphagia.

Aspiration involves food entering the airway without obstructing, while choking represents a complete blockage of the airway.

What is the significance of the rule of 10 in cleft lip repair?

It ensures patients meet specific health criteria before surgical intervention, improving outcomes.

How can treatment for neurogenic voice disorders differ from structural disorders?

Neurogenic treatment often includes strategies to address the underlying neurological issues, while structural treatment may focus on rehabilitation of voice function.

Identify a common intervention for individuals with cognitive-communication disorders.

Use of visual supports and structured communication techniques to enhance understanding.

When is a pharyngeal flap surgery typically performed?

Pharyngeal flap surgery is usually performed around age 4.

What should assessments for TBI consider?

Assessments should consider the client's cognitive, communicative abilities, and educational needs.

What might be a long-term complication of stroke?

Long-term complications can include permanent impairments in speech and language along with cognitive deficits.

What characterizes the middle stage of dementia?

In the middle stage, noticeable memory loss occurs, and the individual shows decreased insight and recognition of time and place.

Summarize the importance of assessment in treating voice disorders.

Assessment helps identify the specific voice disorder present, guiding appropriate treatment interventions.

What role does hydration play in voice therapy?

Adequate hydration is crucial for maintaining healthy vocal fold function and preventing strain.

List potential triggers for non-functional dysphonia.

Triggers may include stress, anxiety, overuse of the voice, and environmental irritants.

How can executive dysfunction manifest in children with TBI?

Manifestations can include difficulties with attention, planning, organization, and problem-solving skills.

What are some motor speech disorders associated with TBI?

Dysarthria and apraxia are two common motor speech disorders associated with TBI.

List potential assessment tools for TBI evaluation.

Common tools could include standardized tests, informal interviews, and observational assessments.

In what ways can an SLP assist families dealing with cleft palate?

An SLP can provide education about communication strategies and support for feeding challenges.

Explain how treatment plans for dementia differ from traditional speech therapy.

Plans for dementia focus on maintaining communication abilities and participation in daily life rather than just improving language skills.

What should be included in the SLP's assessment of communication skills post-stroke?

Assessments should cover language understanding, speech production, cognitive abilities, and social communication.

What is dysphagia and how does it relate to SLPs?

Dysphagia refers to swallowing difficulties and is often addressed by SLPs in therapeutic settings.

Define contact ulcer.

A contact ulcer occurs when the mucosal covering of the tips of vocal processes becomes eroded due to excessive friction.

What are common causes of voice disorders in professional voice users?

Excessive vocal strain, lack of hydration, and poor vocal technique can lead to voice disorders in professional users.

Differentiate between the assessment of fluent and non-fluent aphasia.

Fluent aphasia is assessed for comprehension and production quality, while non-fluent aphasia is assessed for the ability to retrieve and produce speech.

What does the acronym TEP stand for in voice restoration?

tracheoesophageal prosthesis, a device used for voice restoration after laryngectomy.

What role does cognitive-communication skills assessment play in TBI?

identifies deficits in attention, memory, and problem-solving essential for recovery.

What is the purpose of laryngeal reinnervation techniques?

These techniques aim to restore nerve function to the vocal folds in cases of paralysis.

Identify one therapy goal for children with speech delays due to cleft palate.

Improve articulation and speech clarity through targeted sound production activities.

In regards to TBI, what does ICP stand for?

ICP stands for intracranial pressure, which must be monitored and managed in cases of severe brain injury.

What counseling role does an SLP have in the context of head and neck cancer?

An SLP provides counseling for communication challenges and therapy for swallowing disorders post-surgery.

Define the role of auditory comprehension in aphasia assessments.

assesses the individual's ability to understand spoken language and follow directions.

What might be assessed in reading comprehension for a client with aphasia?

through identifying single words, understanding sentences, and interpreting narratives.

Summarize the impact of neurogenic disorders on speech production.

lead to impairments in speech clarity, control of speech mechanisms, and overall communicative function.

Describe one potential complication of cleft palate in children.

speech delays, difficulties with feeding, and recurrent ear infections.

What is a common misconception about right hemisphere CVA and language impairments?

Many believe that right hemisphere strokes lead to aphasia, but they typically do not.

How does the closure of the palate occur during fetal development?

occurs between 8-9 weeks of gestation, typically beginning from the mid-hard palate to the uvula.