Ap world history period 2

Ap world history units 3 & 4

Ottoman devshirme

A system used by the Ottoman Empire to recruit young Christian boys from conquered lands, who were raised as Muslims and trained for military or administrative roles, often forming the elite Janissary corps helped maintain centralized control.

European divine right

The political and religious doctrine that asserts that kings derive their authority from God, not from the consent of the people. Ex: James VI and I of Scotland and England

Explain how Louis XIV (1643 - 1715) used the divine right.

He claimed that god sent him to rule and that his authority was absolute, often symbolized by his notorious phrase "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state). Louis XIV centralized power in his own hands, diminishing the influence of nobles and establishing a highly structured government.

When was Sikhism established

C. 1500

When was the first enslaved person brought to the new world

1526

When was the reign of Akbar

1542-1605

When did the Incan empire fall

1572

Ana Nzinga’s resistance movement

Queen Nzinga, ruler of the Mbundu people in modern day mongol led a resistance movement 1626-1635 through a guerilla army against Portuguese by forming alliances

Shah Jahan’s construction of the Taj Mahal

1632-1653

When was the Tokugawa shogunate closed

1635

When was the Wing dynasty established

1644

When did John Locke wood write the second treasure on government

1689

When was St.Petersburg built

1703

When did the Safavid empire fall

1722

The major land-based empires

• Manchus

• Russian empire

• Mughal empire

• Ottomans

• Safavids

Explain how the Safavid-Mughal conflict was motivated by religion

The Safavids were Shi’a Muslim and the Mughals were Sunni. This lead to territorial disputes on who should rule what is now Pakistan.c

Explain how the Mughal empire’s zamindar tax collection helped generate wealth

Zamindars, local Hindu landowners, were responsible for tax collection in the Mughal empire, which allowed for efficient revenue generation and contributed to the empire's overall wealth.

Major maritime empires

• Portuguese Empire

• Spanish Empire

• Dutch Empire

• British Empire

• French Empire

Explain what caused the fall of the Safavid empire

The battle of Chaldiran in 1514 weakened their military power and territorial integrity, coupled with internal strife, economic decline, and the rise of rival powers.

Explain how salaried samurai in Japan helped centralize control

Salaried samurai were paid soldiers who, loyal to their lords, helped not only in the military but also in bureaucratic roles, helping maintain land and collect taxes, especially during the edo period.

Explain why the mag practiced collection tax money in hard currency

Earlier uses of paper money resulted in inflation and counterfeit bills , leading to a preference for gold and silver to ensure stable value and trust in transactions.

Explain the manilla galleons system (fix this)

The Manila Galleons were a trade route between the Philippines and Mexico, facilitating the exchange of goods, including silver from the Americas for spices and luxury items from Asia, greatly impacting global trade networks.

Explain how the palace of versailles took power away from the nobles

The Palace of Versailles was used by King Louis XIV to centralize power by keeping nobles close to the court, thereby reducing their influence in their own regions, and emphasizing the power and grandeur of the monarchy.

Explain how the use of the lateen sail by European explorers came from cross-cultural interactions (elaborate)

The lateen sail, which is triangular in shape, allowed for more efficient sailing against the wind and was adopted by European explorers from Arab maritime technology.

Explain what made the caravel an innovative ship design

The caravel was innovative due to its combination of a lateen sail and a shallow draft, enabling it to navigate various waters more easily, conduct exploration along coastlines, and engage in trade.

Explain how Tokugawa Japan restricted cultural and economic connection

Tokugawa Japan restricted cultural and economic connections primarily through the Sakoku policy, which limited foreign interactions, banned Christianity, and restricted trade to specific ports, isolating Japan from most of the world for over two centuries.

Explain how the Asante Kingdom grew powerful due to maritime trade.

The Asante Kingdom grew powerful through maritime trade by controlling trade routes along the coast of West Africa, engaging in the transatlantic trade of gold, ivory, and enslaved people, and establishing strong economic partnerships with European traders. Giving them a comparative advantage that fueled their wealth and military strength.

trading posts

establishments set up by European powers along coasts to facilitate trade, particularly in goods like spices, gold, and enslaved people, often serving as hubs for commerce and cultural exchange.

chattel slavery

a system in which individuals are treated as personal property to be bought and sold, typically involving the forced labor of enslaved people who have no legal rights.

indentured servitude

a labor system where individuals work for a specific number of years in exchange for passage to a new country, often in harsh conditions, but eventually gaining freedom. most indentured servants were from Europe seeking better opportunities.

Joint-stock company

A business entity where multiple investors pool resources to fund ventures, sharing profits and risks, commonly used for overseas trade in the early modern period.

Examples:

• British East India Company

• Dutch East India Company.

Explain how the British East India company establish trade relationships in India

The British East India Company established trade relationships in India through a combination of military strength, diplomatic alliances with the Mughal empire, and the establishment of trading posts in key coastal cities, facilitating the exchange of goods and culture.

Explain how peasant labor differs from chattel slavery

Peasant labor is a system where individuals work the land for a form of subsistence or small payment, often tied to the land they farm, whereas chattel slavery involves the ownership of individuals as property, with no rights or freedoms.

Increased cotton and linen production in Western Europe

These industries continued in the period 1450-1750 and expanded in production because of increased demand from global trade networks and advancements in textile manufacturing techniques.

Explain how transatlantic slavery affected the family structure of african societies

Transatlantic slavery disrupted the family structure of African societies by forcibly separating family members through the capture and sale of individuals into slavery, leading to an increase in polygamy and changes in kinship roles.

Explain how the Maroon societies disrupted state development

Maroons were communities formed by escaped slaves in the Americas, often establishing autonomous settlements. Their existence challenged colonial authority and disrupted economic systems by providing a refuge for enslaved individuals, thus undermining the labor supply and stability of surrounding states.

Explain how the Maratha conflicts lead to the fall of the Mughal empire

The Maratha conflicts lead by Hindus weakened the Mughal Empire by challenging its authority and control over territories, resulting in a loss of revenue and military strength. As the Marathas expanded their influence, they fragmented Mughal rule, leading to increased regional autonomy and eventual decline of central power.

What policies did the Manchu implement against the ethnic han

The Manchu implemented restrictive policies aimed at controlling the Han Chinese population, including the enforcement of the queue hairstyle or else facing execution, exclusion from certain government positions, and exclusion from the 8 banners which was an elite military and social system that privileged Manchu over Han.

Explain how did the Mughal empire adapt to a diverse population

Under the leadership of Akbar the great (1542-1605), he refused to implement the Jizya tax on non-Muslims and instead promoted policies of religious tolerance, such as forming alliances with Hindu rulers and engaging in dialogue with different religious groups.

Explain how the power of European nobility changed in the period 1450-1750

During the period 1450-1750, the power of European nobility declined due to the rise of centralized states, increased taxation, and the emergence of powerful monarchies that diminished their political influence and authority.

Explain how Russia boyars’power declined in the period 1450-1750

During the period 1450-1750, the power of Russian boyars, aristocratic land-owing class declined as the centralization of power by the Tsars, particularly under Ivan IV and Peter the Great (who officially abolished the class), reduced their political clout and increased the authority of the monarchy, leading to greater control over land and resources.

Explain how the Mughal empire adopted to accomondate the diverse population

The Mughal Empire implemented policies of religious tolerance and cultural integration, allowing various regions and communities to maintain their customs while promoting a syncretic culture.

Explain how the Ottoman Empire adopted to accommodate a diverse population

The Ottoman Empire employed a millet system that granted autonomy to various religious and ethnic groups, allowing them to govern themselves according to their own laws, thereby promoting coexistence and cultural diversity. Additionally after expulsion from Spain, many Jews were welcomed into the empire even allowing them positions in the court and administration.

Explain how the Qing imperial portraits helped legitimize rule

Qing imperial portraits served as visual propaganda that showcased the emperor's power, divine right, and connection to Chinese tradition. By emphasizing the rulers' authority and cultural heritage, these portraits reinforced their legitimacy and helped solidify the Qing dynasty's rule over China.

Main changes from the scientific revolution

The Scientific Revolution marked a significant transformation in the understanding of nature, emphasizing empirical evidence and the scientific method. It resulted in groundbreaking advancements in fields like astronomy, physics, and biology, challenging traditional beliefs and laying the groundwork for modern science.

Explain the ideological difference between sunni and Shia muslims

Sunnis believe that the community should select its leaders, while Shia Muslims hold that leadership should remain within the Prophet's family, specifically appointing Ali, his cousin and son-in-law, as his rightful successor.

Explain how the lateen sail developed through cross-cultural interactions

The lateen sail, a triangular sail, exemplifies cross-cultural maritime exchange. Originating in the Indian Ocean region, it was adopted and refined by Arab sailors, who then introduced it to the Mediterranean. European mariners, including the Portuguese and Spanish, integrated the lateen sail into their ship designs like the caravel, enhancing

cash crops grown in the Americas

Cash crops grown in the Americas included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo. Sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil relied heavily on enslaved labor due to the high demand for sugar in Europe. Tobacco cultivation in North America, particularly in the Chesapeake region, became a major export and shaped the economy of the colonies. Cotton production in the southern United States