chapter 14 : regulation
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16 Terms
regulation can occur at
transcription
translation
protein activity
constitutive gene type
always ON
inducible gene type
OFF → turned ON when needed
repressible gene type
ON → turned OFF when produce abundant
negative control
repressor binds operator → blocks RNA polymerase
inducer binds repressor → removes block
positive control
activator binds DNA → helps RNA polymerase
ligand/inducer activates activator
lacl
repressor
allolactose
inducer
CAP + cAMP
positive regulation when glucose absent
two-component signal transduction system
sensor kinase → response regulator → transcription change
phosphorelay signal transduction system
multiple phosphorylation steps → transcription change
alternate sigma factors
direct RNA polymerase to specific promoters
diauxic growth
glucose preferred → low cAMP 0> CAP inactive → lac operon off
catabolite repression
glucose absent → high cAMP → CAP active → lac operon enhanced
leaky transcription
basal level even if repressed
promoter strength and activators affect
transcription frquency
