Cell Structure and Function

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to cell structure, function, and microscopy as discussed in the lecture notes.

What is the basic structural unit of all living organisms?

Cells are the basic structural unit of all living organisms.

What are the three tenets of Cell Theory?

1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

What functions are included in the processes of life for unicellular organisms?

Homeostasis, metabolism, nutrition, movement, excretion, growth, response to stimuli, and reproduction.

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles and have naked DNA in a loop, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

List three key structures shared by all cells.

DNA as genetic material, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane.

What is the purpose of staining in microscopy?

Staining enhances the contrast of cell structures, making them easier to view under a microscope.

Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Endosymbiotic theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote.

What are the differences in cell structure between animal, plant, and fungal cells?

Animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts; plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose and chloroplasts; fungal cells have a cell wall made of chitin.

What are the components of a typical eukaryotic cell?

Plasma membrane, compartmentalized cytoplasm, 80S ribosomes, nucleus with DNA, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoskeleton.

What is cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation is the process by which cells develop into different types to perform specialized functions in multicellular organisms.

Homeostasis

Maintaining internal conditions

Metabolism

All enzyme catalyzed reactions

Nutrition

Obtain energy

Excretion

Get rid of waste

All cells have

1. Dna as genetic material 2. Cytoplasm 3. Plasma membrane

Prokyaryotic cell structure always has

Naked DNA in a loop, 70s ribosomes, cell wall

Prokaryotic cell structure can have

Pili, flagella, plasmid

Eukaryotes can be

Single or mutli celled

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants have the following

1. Plasma membrane 2. Comparmentalized cytoplasm 3. 80s ribosomes 4. Nucleus with dna bound to histones 5. Mitocondria 6. Endoplasmic reticulum 7. Golgi apparatus 8. Vesicles occurring as vacuoles or lysosomes 9. Cytoskeleton of microtubules

Aseptate fungal hyphae

Missing cell paritions

Striated muscle

Has no paritions and therefore multiple nuclei

Phloem sieve tube elements

Connected together in a tube, has companion cell to do functions, no nucleus and few organelles

Red blood cell

No nucleus, just hemoglobin?

Function of pilus

Attachment to other bacteria for conjugation

Genophore

DNA

70s ribosomes

Make protiens

Plasmid

Dna that can be transfered

Cell membrane function

Homeostasis

Flagellum

Movement

Cell wall

Protection

Slime capsule

Protection

Lysosome function

Digestion of material

Mitocondria

Aerobic cell respiration

Rough ER

Packaging protiens

Smooth ER

Packaging lipids

Golgi apparatus

Send material out of cell in vesicles

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Vacuole

Store water

Plastids

Storing foods

Cell diferentiation

Different cells can become different cell types, gene expression controls which cells become which types, triggered by enviornmental changes

Multicellularity

Convergent evolution, allows for largerbody size and cell specialization. Found in fungi and eukaryotic algae + all plants and animals