COMM 205 Exam 2 Jo Dumas

What is Identity Disregard?

Ignoring important cultural factors in people's identity, "without critical reflection on broader evolutionary influences of decisions on identity and behavior."

What is Singular Affiliation?

Denies the plural identities of people and the importance of relevant identity with each person.

What is Multicultural Engagement?

Involves interaction among different cultures and can produce valuable knowledge, familiarity across cultural difference and cognitive consistency or psychological comfort.

What is Plural Monocultural Parallel Non-engagement?

Involves isolation among cultures, which can accentuate difference, fear of the unfamiliar and cognitive dissonance or psychological discomfort.

What is Cognitive Consistency?

Psychological comfort people work to attain or preserve by a selection of information consistent with existing views.

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

Psychological discomfort experienced with exposure to information inconsistent with existing views.

What are the audience selective processes?

Exposure, Retention and Perception

What is Exposure?

We choose media and have tendency toward messages consistent with preexisting attitudes & beliefs.

What is Retention?

We have tendency to best remember messages most meaningful to us.

What is Perception?

Our experiences shape our message understanding with tendency to alter meaning to become consistent with preexisting attitudes & beliefs

Stuart Hall identified how media creators do what?

ENCODE ideology into messages & audiences DECODE ideology from messages.

According to the PRCT model, what hinders dialogue about race?

Color Blindness

This theory helps explain media dynamics.

Communication Theory

This theory encompasses both imitation and identification to explain how people learn through observation of others in their environment and can base behavior on symbolic representations of behavior in media.

Social Cognitive Theory

A treatise on the sociology of knowledge. Media contributes to the construction of our social reality.

Social Construction of Reality Theory

The idea that gender equality is a social value.

Feminist Theory

George Gerbner and others' research helped develop this theory to explain research findings that mass media exposure cultivates a view of the world that is consistent with mediated "reality" in heavy viewers.

Cultivation Theory

Theories help explain:

Media Production, Distribution, Exhibition and Consumption

Theory that explains society in terms of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

Economics

Struggle between social classes, the owners of means of production & production workers, underlies all political issues.

Political Economy

Predicts media usage according to the human needs media satisfy.

Uses & Gratifications

Emphasizes the inherent use of group comparisons in managing identity needs and recognizes the important role that media images play in this process

Social Identity Theory

Explains how frames or sets of expectations are used to make sense of social situations and frames use cues to help interpret or plan actions.

Frame Analysis

Explains how media images can stimulate related thoughts in the minds of the audience.

Priming Theory

Explains how the media help determine what is important, because though they don't tell us what to think, they tell us what to think about.

Agenda Setting Theory

What is Bell Hook's view on Critical Thinking as Transformation?

"Critical thinking is at the heart of anybody transforming their lives". We all use culture to negotiate the "politics of difference" to develop agency

In reference to Rap music, would Hook say that it is authentic expression or market construct?

Hooks says it is important to examine distinctions between authentic cultural expression or "voice" and economically constructed "media products" that use gender and race based hegemony.

Hook claims, "Americans are obsessed with _______," content that grabs our attention but does not really challenge race, gender or other hegemony systems.

Transgression

What are the four common business structural trends in media industry?

Growth, Integration, Globalization and Concentration of Ownership

What is Growth?

Media and Information and Communications Technology companies have grown through mergers and acquisitions.

What is Integration?

Horizontal: Own diversified media forms.

Vertical: Own companies at all stages or production, distribution and exhibition

What is Globalization?

Global expansion of markets and market economy ideas and practice to all regional, national and local economies and societies.

What is Concentration of Ownership?

Power, control and decision making in few hands.

What trends are supported by the 1996 Act?

Liberalization, Deregulation and Privatization.

What is Liberalization?

Open markets to competition

What is Deregulation?

Reduction of government rules.

What is Privatization?

Government operations restructured into private operations.

What did Dr. Elizabeth Hadley say about Mickey Mouse Monopoly?

Disney is dangerous because it is a sublime form of education. It is absorbed by our young people's minds as entertainment.

What are the four stages of representation for "ethnic minorities?"

Non-recognition/invisibility, Ridicule, Regulation/Assimilation, Respect/Humanity

What is Message System Analysis?

Annual textual analysis assessment of TV program content

What is Institutional Policy Analysis?

Examines the economic and political basis of media decision-making.

What is Cultivation Analysis?

Assessment of the long-range consequences of exposure to the television system of messages, through longitudinal TV audience media effects research.

What are the independent and dependent variables in cultivation analysis?

Independent: MEDIA/TELEVISION

Dependent: AUDIENCE RESPONSES

Stories animate our ________ ___________.

Cultural environment

What is Orientalism?

A lense that distorts reality.

What is repertory of orientalism?

Common images or characteristics used to subordinate and dehumanize constructed as the "Other"; LIST OF DEHUMANIZING STEREOTYPES

What did Antonio Gramsci say in Prison Notebooks?

"History has left in us an infinity of traces with no guide or order"-to make sense of the past we must understand "our" history in terms of "other" peoples' history.

What is the summary of the Public Occurrences of the American Indians stories?

Only one of the eight news frames that include American Indians can be considered entirely positive in referencing them. Only one story falls into a neutral category and cannot be considered negative or positive in referencing American Indians.

What is the journalism code of ethics?

Seek the truth, minimize harm, act independently and be accountable

What is the Self-Representation of American Indians on Official Tribal Websites?

Authors found 4 of 10 Tribes with casinos represent identities as "historic relic frames" that rely on "exotic Other" images with tepees and headdresses.

What is Ethnic Tourism?

Defined as continued marginalization and stereotyping of American Indians in self-representation, often for economic reasons.

What is the Indian story, Noble Injun?

About starvation in the Indian communities. Hollywood myth and stereotype of Indian showed "the ultimate mystic warrior" often a symbol of unity and brotherhood. The myth was shown to be alive and well in summer camps across the US.

What is the Indian story, Savage Injun?

Promoted and capitalized on the violent stereotype of Indians, not as courageous fighters for self-determination but as "savage". This image from the John Ford film Stagecoach and others constructed US "image of native people for decades "

What does the current study about Blacks and Latino investigate?

"The current study investigates the effects of prime time television depictions of Blacks and Latinos among members of these groups.

What does Prime Time television do?

This media format offers recurring characters with whom viewers can identify and form meaningful parasocial bonds. Such involvement, in turn, fosters social learning, facilitates persuasion, and (depending on the manner in which groups are represented) can attenuate self-esteem and promote internalization of stigmas and social stereotypes .

What is the purpose of the findings of the TV Effects on Ethnic Minorities?

The data here support the urgency of this matter, illustrating the media's possible role in guiding social perceptions and conceivably even damaging intergroup relationships.

What did Shaeen find about Arab women in media development?

He found "dangerous and detestable" portraits. He identified the common stereotype images of Arab women

What is said about Korean/Asian American stereotypes in the film?

Mako says "one man alone cannot do it ...you need collective effort" to rectify the injustice ....buried in our past". Tagawa says "Be rebellious, be creative,"

What did Zhang and Haller examine about people with disabilities in the media?

Authors examine the relationship between media images and identity formation for people with disability.

What was found during the research about video games and young people?

Female characters shown in "more stereotypical or sexualized manner than male"

No significant difference between number of violent acts in sites for (T)een rated games and those for (M)ature rated games.

Do video games make kids more violent?

No. Video game technological advancement increased players' sense of presence, feelings of involvement, and arousal but did not significantly effect aggressive thoughts and feelings"...but violence " may have increased players hostility"

What is stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights/Article 19?

"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."

What is the digital divide?

unequal access to the UDHR Article 19 "right to communicate" with information and communication technologies (ICT) and to participate in the "Information and Communication Society"

What is the Agenda for Sustainable Development?

This Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. We are resolved to free the human race from the tyranny of

poverty and want and to heal and secure our planet. We are determined to take the

bold and transformative steps.

What is the purpose of the Critical Discourse Analysis?

To examine three city initiatives to achieve broadband internet access for all citizens to create social inclusion.

"Broadband access to the Internet is commonly believed to be essential for all, yet is not available to all."

Authors identify sources of textual data for each "exemplar" city and conduct CDA according to four discursive types:

Legitimacy, Corporatism, Tech Optimism & Pragmatism.

Municipal Wi-Fi projects serves as sites to:

bring together the realities of business and the need for social inclusion.