Understanding Competitive Authoritarianism and Populism in Europe

What are the external factors that contribute to the persistence of competitive politics in authoritarian regimes?

External costs of oppression are bearable, Western forces are not pushing as hard, and there is a pushback against excessive autocracy.

What is the significance of multiparty elections in competitive authoritarianism?

They are seen as the most legitimate means for people to vote out bad leaders.

What institutional weaknesses do autocrats face in competitive authoritarian regimes?

They lack the capacity to eliminate competition, maintain internal cohesion, and often have weak ruling parties.

How do leaders in competitive authoritarian regimes maintain power without mass support?

They employ top-down strategies, tilt the playing field, and use plebiscitarian strategies to change electoral rules.

What strategies did Hungary's Orban use to consolidate power?

He commanded an electoral majority, deployed plebiscitarian strategies, arrested opponents, closed media, and politicized information.

What electoral reforms did Fidesz implement to secure its advantage in Hungary?

Gerrymandering, elimination of runoffs, and banning campaign advertising on private media outlets.

What challenges did Poland face in its shift towards authoritarianism?

Efforts to purge and pack the courts, control public broadcasting, and undermine the election commission met with public pushback.

How is populism characterized in relation to liberal democracy?

Populism pits a virtuous, homogenous people against elites, undermining the principles of transparency, civil liberties, and minority rights.

What are some key principles of liberal democracy that are at odds with populism?

Power of the majority is limited and must not infringe on individual liberties.

What was the outcome of the Austrian People's Party's coalition with the Freedom Party?

Despite retaining the chancellorship, it faced failure due to governmental inexperience and an illiberal approach to human rights.

What policies did Italy's Northern League advocate that reflected populist sentiments?

Federalism, immigration control, and ethnic discrimination framed as security measures.

What is the significance of the Swiss People's Party in the context of populism?

It uses referendums to promote ethnic discrimination and has a conflicting relationship with the judiciary.

What role does the judiciary play in the context of populism in Europe?

The judiciary often emerges as a winner in the contest against populist movements.

What are some characteristics of Orban's approach to governance in Hungary?

He limits executive powers, dominates social life, and maintains a large imbalance between left and right.

What does Orban aim to achieve through his political strategies?

He seeks to polarize and divide the electorate while maintaining a strong support base.

How has Orban's government affected civil society and media in Hungary?

It has built a media empire that fosters anti-foreigner sentiment and creates fear among citizens.

What are the potential implications of Hungary's political situation for other countries?

What is happening in Hungary could influence developments in the Western Balkans and Central and Eastern Europe.

What factors contribute to the rise of populism in Europe?

Dissatisfaction with the euro, lack of democratic legitimacy in the EU, and the acceptance of populists as coalition partners.

What is the relationship between populism and national identity in Poland?

There is increased polarization around national identity, with a rise in illiberal and populist right-wing forces.

How did Orban's government respond to challenges from the opposition?

The opposition struggled due to division and Orban's strategic use of power.

What is the impact of economic policies under Orban's government?

While there was favorable economic development, it was marred by cuts to welfare and research funding.

What cultural shifts have occurred under Orban's leadership?

A cultural counter-revolution characterized by anti-foreigner sentiment and a media campaign against perceived threats.

What is the significance of the anti-Soros campaign in Hungary?

It has bolstered Orban's support by creating fear among citizens about the consequences of not voting for his party.

What strategies do populists use to gain and maintain power?

They exploit dissatisfaction with existing political systems and present themselves as saviors of democracy.

What are the implications of Orban's political strategies for the future of democracy in Europe?

His approach may serve as a model for other leaders seeking to consolidate power in a similar manner.