Equality, Justice and Equity

Equality

Sameness in some respect such as human dignity.

Justice

Different types, but generally fairness.

Equity

Application of fairness, which may require unequal treatment.

Distributive justice

Ensuring that each person receives a fair share of public resources.

Procedural justice

Ensuring a fair process for making decisions and settling disputes.

Retributive justice

Ensuring punishment of wrongdoers.

Restorative justice

Attempting to repair harm done in the past.

Social justice

Combination of previous types as applied to a society where individuals and groups receive fair treatment and a just share of the benefits.

Authoritarian distributive justice

What the King or other highest authority decrees is just.

Libertarian distributive justice

What an individual decides to do with their own property is just.

Utilitarian distributive justice

What most contributes to the greatest good of the greatest number is just.

Egalitarian distributive justice

Justice is achieved when everybody has equitable access to societal resources they need.

Restorative distributive justice

Justice requires favoring previously disadvantaged individuals or groups.

Health care systems

Different approaches to justice found around the world.

Libertarian health care system

Strong in the U.S.A.

Egalitarian health care system

Predominant in many European countries.

Restorative health care system

South Africa's attempt to implement.

Utilitarian health care system

Preferred by most economists.

Constitution of the World Health Organization

States the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right.

International statements on human rights

Support the right to health and require signatory nations to secure its observance.

Health disparities

Differences in health status among different groups of people.

Local health disparities

Disparities within a specific locality.

National health disparities

Disparities within a country.

Global health disparities

Disparities across countries.

Non-discrimination

Treating people fairly regardless of their class or category.

Stigmatization

Process discrediting individuals considered 'abnormal' or 'deviant', leading to social discrimination and exclusion.

Positive discrimination

Policies or acts benefiting historically non-dominant groups at the expense of historically dominant groups.

Reverse discrimination

Policies or acts benefiting historically non-dominant groups at the expense of historically dominant groups (also known as affirmative action).

Health care disparities

Differences in health care access and outcomes based on wealth, income, or discrimination.

Protection of vulnerable groups

Certain groups such as infants, elderly people, and certain patients may need more protection in health care and bioethics.

Disadvantages of medical technology

Advances in medical technology can create disadvantages for some social groups.

Reproductive medicine

Techniques enabling parents to choose the sex of their child, raising concerns of discrimination against girls and women.

Genetic testing

Tests for determining susceptibility to certain diseases, raising concerns of unfair use by insurance companies, employers, and government agencies.

Genetic bases of behavior

Controversial research that could result in unfair discrimination against people judged to be genetically disposed to certain behaviors.

Principles of the Declaration

The principles in the Declaration work together to promote human rights and justice.

Limits on principles

Laws for safety, crime, health, and rights may place limits on the application of principles.

Human rights rules

Laws must follow human rights rules when treating people differently for health reasons.

Open and lawful treatment

Different treatment for health reasons must be done openly and in accordance with the country's laws.

Equality

Sameness in some respect such as human dignity.

Justice

Different types, but generally fairness.

Equity

Application of fairness, which may require unequal treatment.

Distributive justice

Ensuring that each person receives a fair share of public resources.

Procedural justice

Ensuring a fair process for making decisions and settling disputes.

Retributive justice

Ensuring punishment of wrongdoers.

Restorative justice

Attempting to repair harm done in the past.

Social justice

Combination of previous types as applied to a society where individuals and groups receive fair treatment and a just share of the benefits.

Authoritarian distributive justice

What the King or other highest authority decrees is just.

Libertarian distributive justice

What an individual decides to do with their own property is just.

Utilitarian distributive justice

What most contributes to the greatest good of the greatest number is just.

Egalitarian distributive justice

Justice is achieved when everybody has equitable access to societal resources they need.