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Equality
Sameness in some respect such as human dignity.
Justice
Different types, but generally fairness.
Equity
Application of fairness, which may require unequal treatment.
Distributive justice
Ensuring that each person receives a fair share of public resources.
Procedural justice
Ensuring a fair process for making decisions and settling disputes.
Retributive justice
Ensuring punishment of wrongdoers.
Restorative justice
Attempting to repair harm done in the past.
Social justice
Combination of previous types as applied to a society where individuals and groups receive fair treatment and a just share of the benefits.
Authoritarian distributive justice
What the King or other highest authority decrees is just.
Libertarian distributive justice
What an individual decides to do with their own property is just.
Utilitarian distributive justice
What most contributes to the greatest good of the greatest number is just.
Egalitarian distributive justice
Justice is achieved when everybody has equitable access to societal resources they need.
Restorative distributive justice
Justice requires favoring previously disadvantaged individuals or groups.
Health care systems
Different approaches to justice found around the world.
Libertarian health care system
Strong in the U.S.A.
Egalitarian health care system
Predominant in many European countries.
Restorative health care system
South Africa's attempt to implement.
Utilitarian health care system
Preferred by most economists.
Constitution of the World Health Organization
States the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right.
International statements on human rights
Support the right to health and require signatory nations to secure its observance.
Health disparities
Differences in health status among different groups of people.
Local health disparities
Disparities within a specific locality.
National health disparities
Disparities within a country.
Global health disparities
Disparities across countries.
Non-discrimination
Treating people fairly regardless of their class or category.
Stigmatization
Process discrediting individuals considered 'abnormal' or 'deviant', leading to social discrimination and exclusion.
Positive discrimination
Policies or acts benefiting historically non-dominant groups at the expense of historically dominant groups.
Reverse discrimination
Policies or acts benefiting historically non-dominant groups at the expense of historically dominant groups (also known as affirmative action).
Health care disparities
Differences in health care access and outcomes based on wealth, income, or discrimination.
Protection of vulnerable groups
Certain groups such as infants, elderly people, and certain patients may need more protection in health care and bioethics.
Disadvantages of medical technology
Advances in medical technology can create disadvantages for some social groups.
Reproductive medicine
Techniques enabling parents to choose the sex of their child, raising concerns of discrimination against girls and women.
Genetic testing
Tests for determining susceptibility to certain diseases, raising concerns of unfair use by insurance companies, employers, and government agencies.
Genetic bases of behavior
Controversial research that could result in unfair discrimination against people judged to be genetically disposed to certain behaviors.
Principles of the Declaration
The principles in the Declaration work together to promote human rights and justice.
Limits on principles
Laws for safety, crime, health, and rights may place limits on the application of principles.
Human rights rules
Laws must follow human rights rules when treating people differently for health reasons.
Open and lawful treatment
Different treatment for health reasons must be done openly and in accordance with the country's laws.
Equality
Sameness in some respect such as human dignity.
Justice
Different types, but generally fairness.
Equity
Application of fairness, which may require unequal treatment.
Distributive justice
Ensuring that each person receives a fair share of public resources.
Procedural justice
Ensuring a fair process for making decisions and settling disputes.
Retributive justice
Ensuring punishment of wrongdoers.
Restorative justice
Attempting to repair harm done in the past.
Social justice
Combination of previous types as applied to a society where individuals and groups receive fair treatment and a just share of the benefits.
Authoritarian distributive justice
What the King or other highest authority decrees is just.
Libertarian distributive justice
What an individual decides to do with their own property is just.
Utilitarian distributive justice
What most contributes to the greatest good of the greatest number is just.
Egalitarian distributive justice
Justice is achieved when everybody has equitable access to societal resources they need.
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