Micro Final Viral Diseases

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50 Terms

1
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What is the structure of influenza?

  • Protein layer

  • Lipid bilayer

    • Hemagglutinin (HA)

    • Neuraminidase (NA)

  • M2 ion channel

  • Single stranded RNA

    • RNA in 8 pieces

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Why do we need the flu shot every year?

  • Antigenic drift

    • Repeated mutations cause gradual change in HA and NA

  • Antigenic shift

    • Sudden shift is caused when the virus acquires genome segments from another influenza virus by recombination

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What is the causative organism of influenza?

Influenza A,B, and C viruses

  • Enveloped, ssRNA in 8 segments

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What is the mode of transmission of influenza?

  • Droplet contact - coughs and sneezes

  • Direct contact - handshake

  • Indirect contact - fomite

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What is the incubation period of influenza?

1 to 2 days

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What is the pathogenesis of influenza?

  • Infection of respiratory epithelium causes lysis

  • Secondary infections results from damage to the mucociliary escalators

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What are the virulence factors of influenza?

Hemagglutinin - for attachment, binds to sialic acid Receptors

Neuraminidase - for release - removes sialic acid from cell surface

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What are the symptoms of Influenza?

Fever, headache, sore throat, cough, runny nose, muscle aches, (myalgia)

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What is the prevention of influenza?

Killed infected vaccine or inhaled live attenuated Caine taken annually

  • Handwashing

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What are the distinctive features of influenza?

Antigens can shift or drift

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What is the causative organism of poliomyelitis?

Poliovirus, ssRNA non-enveloped

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What is the mode of transmission of poliomyelitis?

Fecal oral , vehicle

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What is the virulence factors of poliomyelitis?

Attachment mechanisms

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What are the symptoms of poliomyelitis?

  • initially: sore throat and nausea

  • Viremia may occur, if persistant, virus can enter the CNS

  • Destruction of motor cells and paralysis occurs in 1% of cases

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What is the prevention of poliomyelitis?

  • Live attenuated (OPV) Sabin vaccine

  • Inactivated vaccine (IPV) Salk vaccine preferred in US (not likely to revert)

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What is the causative organism of rabies?

  • Rabies lyssaviruss formerly rabies virus

  • ssRNA enveloped

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What is the transmission of rabies?

Parenteral (bite trauma), droplet contact

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What are the virulence factors of rabies?

Envelope glycoprotein enables to spread to CNS

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What are the symptoms of rabies?

  • Initial stages include hydrophobia

  • Furious rabies: Animals are restless, then highly excitable

  • Paralytic rabies: Animals seem unaware of surroundings

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What is the prevention of rabies?

HDCV - Human diploid cell rabies vaccine - an inactivated vaccine

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What is the treatment of rabies?

Post-exposure antiserum and active immunization

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What is the causative agent of smallpox?

Various virus, enveloped dsDNA virus

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What is the mode of transmission of small pox?

Droplet contact, indirect contact

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What is the virulence factor of smallpox?

Ability to dampen and avoid immune response

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What are the signs and symptoms of smallpox?

Fever, prostration, rash, toxemia, and shock

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What is the prevention of small pox?

Live virus vaccine - vaccinia virus

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What is the treatment of small pox?

Immunoglobulin - passive immunity

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What is the causative organism of measles (Rubeola)?

Measles morbillivirus formerly known as MEasles virus ssRNA enveloped

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What is the mode of transmission of measles?

Droplet contact via respiratory portal

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What are the signs and symptoms of Measles?

Maculopapular rash

Koplick spots in the mouth

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What are the virulence factors of measles?

Syncytium formation, ability to suppress cell-mediated immunity

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What is the prevention for measles?

Live attenuated vaccine (MMR)

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Who is Carlos Findlay?

A Cuban doctor proposes mosquito transmission rather than human contact for yellow fever

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Who is Walter Reed

Him and a team of doctors proved the mosquit transmission hypothesis

  • Let lab raised mosquitos feed on yellow fever patients

  • Then on members of the commission

Disease eliminated from Havana through mosquito control

  • Later use to control mosquitos in the Panama Canal Zone enabling its construction

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What are the complications of measles?

Diarrhea (8%), otitis media (7%), pneumonia (6%), Leading cause of death in adults - acute encephalitis (0.1%)

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What is the causative organism of yellow fever?

Yellow fever virus, +ve ssRNA enveloped

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What is the transmission of yellow fever?

Bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito

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What is the transmission of yellow fever?

  • Most cases - mild infection - fever, headache, chills, back pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting

  • 15% of cases recurring fever, jaundice, bleeding from mouth and eyes, black vomit

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What are the virulence factors of yellow fever?

  • Disruption of blood clotting factors

  • Death may occur from cytokine storm and shock

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What is the treatment of yellow fever?

Supportive care

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What is the prevention of yellow fever?

Repellant, proper clothing, avoid being outside at peak biting times

  • Live attenuated vaccine

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What is malaria?

Ancient disease, found in early Chinese, Hindu writings

  • Malaria means “bad air”

  • 1902 Ronald Ross - Nobel Prize for demonstrating life cycle of protozoan causing malaria

  • Most common serious infectious disease worldwide

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For what disease did WHO program for global elimination?

Malaria

  • Initially successful - 52 nations participated

  • Mosquito vectors developed resistance

  • IN 1976, WHO acknowledged failure

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How many people are infected annually with malaria?

Over 200 million

  • More than 450,000 deaths per year

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What is the causative organism of malaria?

Plasmodium falciparum, P.vivax, P.ovale, P.malariae, P.knowlesi

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What is the mode of transmission of malaria?

  • Biological vector - bite of mosquito

  • Humans are the primary host

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What are the symptoms and signs of malaria?

  • Cyclic symptoms correlating with the parasite’s life cycle

  • Fever, chills, sweating every 48 to 72 hours as red blood cells lose - combination of symptoms called a paroxysm

  • Other symptoms - anemia, fatigue, and jaundice

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What are the virulence factors of malaria?

  • Multiple antigenic types to evade the immune response

  • Ability to scavenge glucose

  • Cyto-adherence

  • Invasion of RBCs

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What is the prevention of malaria?

  • Mosquito control

  • Use of bed nets

  • No vaccine available

  • Prophylactic anti-protozoal agent

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What is the treatment of malaria?

Artemisinin - based Combination Treatment (ACT)