AP Human Geography - Unit 2

what is ecumene?

the portion of earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

what is population density?

the average number of people per unit of land area

what is arithmetic (crude) density?

the average number of people per unit of land area

what is physiological density?

the average number of people per unit area (a square mile or km) of arable land

what is arable land?

land suitable for cultivation

what is agricultural density?

the numbers of farmers per unit of arable land

what is carrying capacity?

the number of people a particular environment on earth can support on a sustainable basis

what is a dependency ratio?

the number of dependents in a population in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15-64 years) must support

what is a population pyramid?

a very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

what is a crude birth rate (CBR)?

the average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

what is a total fertility rate (TFR)?

the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15-49 years of age

what is an infant mortality rate (IMR)?

a measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

what is the rate of natural increase (RNI)?

the difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

what is the population doubling time?

the number of years it takes for a population to double in size

what is the rule of 70?

a tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase

what is zero population growth (ZPG)?

when a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, the RNI is 0

what is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

conceptualizes how crude birth rate and crude death rate as well as the resulting rate of natural increase change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

what is the epidemiologic transition theory?

a branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants and control diseases, and other health conditions such a s tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle

what is the Malthusian theory?

suggests that the world’s population was growing faster than the rate of food production; as a result, mass starvation would occur

what are antinatalist policies?

designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

what are pronatalist policies?

designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

what are ravenstein’s laws of migration?

most migrants only move a short distancem

what is migration?

the long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

what is the push-pull theory of migration?

theory asserting that two contrasting sets of factors are at work in migration decisions?

what are push factors?

factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

what are pull factors?

the attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

what are intervening obstacles?

the complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

what are intervening opportunities?

a nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination further away

what is forced migration?

migration caused by forces out of one’s control, such as disasters, social conflicts, or developmental projects

what is a guest worker?

a person with temporary permission to work in another country

what is transnational migration?

when migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated

what internal migration (interregional)?

when people move within the borders of a country

what is step migration (stepwise)?

migration carried out in a series of stages usually from nearby and bigger and more distant places

what is chain migration?

the process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place

what is transhumance?

a phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures

what are refugees?

people who leave their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion

what are internally displace persons (IDP)?

someone who remains within his or her country’s borders despite being persecuted by their home country