BIOCHEMISTRY- FINALS (PSYCHNOTES)

Biomolecule

This is any substances produced or used by living organisms. Most of biomolecules are macromolecules or polymers of smaller and simpler organic molecules, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Complex biomolecules contain nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur

MONOMER

R refers to a single building block that helps to create a more complex molecule called polymer. Some naturally occurring monomers are glucose, amino acid etc

Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Nucleic Acid

This is the types of biomolecules

Carbohydrates

are macronutrients that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and one of the three main source of energy. Its formula is Cn (H2O)n. The word “saccharide” came from the Greek word “sakkharon” meaning sugar

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

it joins a carbohydrate to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

Simple Carbohydrates and Complex Carbohydrates

this is the types of carbohydrates

SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES

contains one or two sugar units. The two types of simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides ("mono" meaning one, "saccharides" meaning sugar units) and disaccharides (“di” meaning two).

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

are made of long strands of simple sugars or monosaccharides

POLYSACCHARIDES

this are complex carbohydrates that contain a lot of monosaccharide unit.

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

complex carbohydrate with lesser polymer of monosaccharide(3-8 unit) is called_____________?

Monosaccharide

A simple carbohydrate that is known as the basic building block of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into simpler units. It has a formula of C6H12O6. It is soluble in water.

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose b

these are the three types monosaccharides

Glucose

blood sugar is the principal sugar the body makes from carbohydrates. It carried to each cell through the bloodstream. It occurs naturally in many plants

Fructose

fruit sugar is the sweetest of all natural carbohydrates. It is usually found in fruits and some root vegetables.

Galactose

milk sugar is a monosaccharide which is less sweet than glucose. It is mostly found in dairy products

Disaccharide

Composed of two monosaccharides and have the molecular formula of C12H22O11. It is formed by the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides forming a glycosidic linkage and hydrolysis reaction

Sucrose, lactose and maltose

these are the three types of disaccharides

This is malt sugar, this is made of two glucose molecule. It is obtained from the hydrolysis of starch by enzyme known as amylase

LACTOSE

this is milk sugar, a disaccharide found in milk. It is a combination of glucose and galactose.

This is a table sugar, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose and produced by plants. Sugar beets and sugar canes are the common sources of sucrose

Polysaccharide

Composed of long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.

Starch, Glycogen, cellulose

these are the three important polysaccharides

STARCH

a polysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin. It is produced by most green plants as energy storage. It is the main type of digestible complex carbohydrate. It is mostly found in whole grain breads, rice, etc. Starch and glycogen can be broken down into glucose by enzymes amylase and maltase.

GLYCOGEN

a polysaccharide that serves as the main glucose storage in animals, fungi and bacteria. It is is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle. Consist of more and shorter branches compared to amylopectin.

CHITIN

is the second most abundant polysaccharide. It is made of chains of glucose and found in the exoskeletons of insect, cell walls of fungi and hard structures of invertebrates

CELLULOSE

is the most abundant polysaccharide. It is indigestible to humans and a structural component of the plant cell wall. it contains about 2000 glucose units. Animals such as cows, goats, and termites have bacteria in the intestinal tract that possess the necessary enzymes to digest this.

Iodine Test for Starch and Benedict’s Test

this is the test for carbohydrates

Iodine Test

A positive result for iodine test was a color change ranging VIOLET, BLUE to BLACK: a negative result was the YELLOW color of the iodine solution

Benedict’s Test

solution changes from BLUE;GREEN (very small amount of reducing sugar), to YELLOW (higher amount of reducing sugar) to ORANGE;RED (highest amount of reducing sugar).

Carbohydrates, protein, lipids and nucleic acids

this is the macromolecules

Proteins

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. Helps repair and build body’s tissues, aids in metabolism, and provides body with structural framework . do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organ.

Protein synthesis

the process in which cells make proteins.

Protein synthesis

the process in which cells make proteins.

Ribosome

the cells is responsible in producing proteins

1. Valine 2. Isoleucine 3. Leucine 4. Lysine 5. Methionine 6. Phenylalanine 7. Threonine 8. Tryptophan 9. Histidine (for infants)

this is essential amino acids

Biuret Test

this is the testing for protein

Biuret Test

Biuret is clear or light blue in the absence of protein and pink or blue-violet in the presence of protein

0- None

Light Blue

+(Trace)

Light pink

++(Little protein)

Pink

+++(Moderate protein)

Blue-violet

++++(Much protein)

Dark blue-violet

Lipids

Biomolecule that is used for storing energy

● Found in hormones and in cell membrane components

● Insoluble in water

Fatty acid, triglycerides, steroids and waxes

this is the examples of lipids

Glycerol and Fatty acids

this is the monomers of lipids

Fatty Acids

● Building blocks of the fat in our body

● Serve as energy for the muscles, heart and other organs

● Insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvent

● Sources include fish and other seafood, nuts and seeds and plant oils

Triglyceride

● Most common type of fat in the body

● Categorized as fats and oils

Fats

contain saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature and produced by animals (lard, butter)

Oils

contain unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid at room temperature and produced by plants (olive oil, corn oil)

Steroids

● Composed of fused rings of atoms

● The most common example is cholesterol

Cholesterol

Found in animal cells and cell membranes of plants and is used in production of hormones, building human tissues and helps in metabolism

Waxes

● Made of chain of fatty acid and alcohol

● Produced by animals and plants

beeswax, leaf wax and ear wax

this is the example of waxes

Nucleic Acid

● Molecules that code for hereditary traits

● Used in storage and expression of genetic information

● Includes DNA and RNA

Nucleotides

this is the building blocks of nucleic acids

Phosphate, Nitrogenous base, sugar

this is the component of nucleotides

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

contains the genetic instruction used in the development and functioning of all living organisms

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

responsible for the template in the synthesis of proteins

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

has Deoxyribose sugar and A-T C-G bases

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

has ribose sugar and U-A C-G bases