Chapter 12, 13, week 9 vocab

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57 Terms

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Alleles
Different forms of a gene that occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes.
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Amniocentesis
A medical procedure used to collect amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman to test for genetic abnormalities in the fetus.
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Aneuploidy
A condition where the number of chromosomes is not the typical set for a species, such as an extra or missing chromosome.
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Barr body
The inactivated X chromosome in the cells of female mammals, visible as a dense structure in the nucleus.
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Blending inheritance
An outdated theory that offspring are a blend of the traits of their parents.
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Chromosomal theory of inheritance
The theory that genes are located on chromosomes, which are the basis for inheritance.
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Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
A prenatal test where a small sample of placental tissue is collected for genetic testing.
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Continuous variable
A variable that can take on an infinite number of values, such as height or weight.
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Cross-fertilization
Fertilization between two different individuals, leading to genetic variation.
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Crossing over (recombination)
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to new combinations of alleles.
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Codominant
A genetic scenario where both alleles in a heterozygous individual are fully expressed, without one being dominant over the other.
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Dominant pedigree
A pedigree in which a dominant trait appears in every generation.
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Dosage compensation
A mechanism that balances the dose of X chromosome gene expression in males and females.
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Dihybrid cross
A genetic cross that follows two traits simultaneously, involving organisms heterozygous for both traits.
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Dominant
An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele in a heterozygous organism.
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Epigenetic inheritance
Inheritance of traits that are controlled by factors other than changes in the DNA sequence, such as DNA methylation.
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Epistasis
Interaction between gene pairs where one gene can mask or modify the expression of another gene.
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First filial (F1) generation
The first generation of offspring from a cross between two parental individuals.
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Genetic mapping
The process of determining the location of genes on a chromosome.
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Genome-wide association study (GWAS)
A study that looks for associations between specific genetic variations (SNPs) and particular diseases across a population.
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Genomic imprinting
A form of inheritance where certain genes are expressed differently depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or father.
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Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the combination of alleles it carries.
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Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
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Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
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Human genome maps
Charts that show the location of genes on human chromosomes.
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Incomplete dominance
A genetic scenario where the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes.
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Maternal inheritance
Inheritance of traits specifically from the mother, often associated with mitochondrial DNA.
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Multiple alleles
The existence of more than two alleles for a particular gene within a population.
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Multiple crossovers
When more than one crossover event occurs between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to greater genetic variation.
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Monohybrid cross
A genetic cross that involves one trait, where organisms are heterozygous for that trait.
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Monosomy
A condition where an individual has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the typical two.
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Nondisjunction
An error in cell division where chromosomes fail to separate properly, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells.
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Parental generation
The original individuals in a genetic cross from which offspring are derived.
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Pedigree analysis
A diagram used to track the inheritance of traits across generations in a family.
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Phenotype
The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by both genetics and the environment.
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Phenotype-wide association study (PheWAS)
A study that investigates the association between a genetic variant and multiple phenotypes across a population.
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Phenotypic plasticity
The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental conditions.
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Pleiotropy
When a single gene affects multiple, seemingly unrelated traits.
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Polygenic inheritance
Inheritance of a trait that is controlled by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect.
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Principle of independent assortment
Mendel's law stating that the alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another during gamete formation.
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Principle of segregation
Mendel's law stating that the two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are reunited at fertilization.
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Punnett square
A diagram used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross by considering all possible combinations of alleles.
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Recessive
An allele whose effects are masked by a dominant allele in a heterozygous organism.
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Recessive pedigree
A pedigree in which a recessive trait may skip generations and reappear when two carriers have offspring.
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Rule of addition
The probability rule used to calculate the likelihood of one event or another occurring (when events are mutually exclusive).
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Rule of multiplication
The probability rule used to calculate the likelihood of two independent events occurring together.
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Second filial (F2) generation
The offspring of the F1 generation in a genetic cross.
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Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism (e.g., X and Y chromosomes in humans).
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Self-fertilize
When an organism fertilizes itself, commonly seen in plants.
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Sex-linked (X-linked) inheritance
The pattern of inheritance for genes located on the X chromosome, which often results in different traits being expressed in males and females.
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Short tandem repeats (STR)
Short sequences of DNA that are repeated in a row and vary in length between individuals, often used in genetic profiling.
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Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Variations at a single nucleotide position in the DNA sequence among individuals.
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Testcross
A cross between an individual with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype.
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Trisomy
A condition where an individual has an extra copy of a chromosome, resulting in three copies instead of the typical two.
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Three-point testcross
A genetic cross involving three genes to map their relative positions on a chromosome.
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True-breeding
Organisms that, when self-fertilized, produce offspring with the same traits over many generations.
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X inactivation
The process by which one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals is randomly inactivated to prevent overexpression of X-linked genes.