Chapter 8 Patho - Disorders of Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Imbalances

What are the 3 different fluid compartments water is found in?

Intracellular, and Extracellular Plasma & Interstitial

What is the movement of water particles along a concentration gradient?

Diffusion

What is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane?

Osmosis

Urine specific gravity compares the weights of?

Urine to water

The effect that the osmotic pressure within a solution exerts on cell size because of water across the cell membrane

Tonicity

What are the three types of Tonicity?

Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic

What type of intravenous fluid has the same tonicity as blood, is 0.9% NaCI, and the cells don’t shrink or swell.

Isotonic

What type of intravenous fluid has less tonicity than blood, is 0.45% NaCI, and water moves into the cells and cells swell?

Hypotonic

What type of intravenous fluid has greater tonicity than blood, is 3% NaCI , and water is pulled out of the cells and cells shrink?

Hypertonic

The number of Osmoles of solute per liter of solution dependent on the number of particles suspended in a solution is?

Osmolarity

In osmolarity, osmoreceptors, sensation of thirst, RAAS, ADH, and natriuretic hormones do what?

Maintain fluid status

Palpable swelling produced by expansion of interstitial fluid volume?

Edema

What is generalized body edema?

Anasarca

T or F: Can edema be localized or generalized (throughout the body)?

True

In what type of Edema does fluid collect in lower parts of the body (like legs or feet, for those who sit or stand too long)

Dependent Edema

In what type of Edema does fluid move into spaces where it shouldn’t be like the peritoneum or the pleural cavity?

Third space Edema

What type of pressure is when the pressure in the blood vessel is too high, more fluid leaks into the tissues?

Increase capillary filtration pressure

What type of pressure is when fluid stays in the tissue because of low amounts of protein that would pull the fluid back in?

Decreased Capillary Osmotic Pressure

When blood vessels become leaky and fluid escapes into the tissues this is called?

Increased Capillary Permeability

When fluid accumulates due to a blocked lymphatic system being unable to drain excess fluid it is called?

Obstruction of Lymphatic Flow

What is the smallest of plasma protein?

Albumin

What is the term for low albumin?

hypoalbuminemia

Hypoalbuminemia causes what to occur in the bloodstream leading to Edema?

Low oncotic pressure

What does albumin do?

Pulls water into your blood vessels to maintain oncotic/colloidal osmotic pressure.

1.8 mg/dL, low level of magnesium in the blood

Hypomagnesemia

> 3.0 mg/dL, high level of magnesium in the blood

Hypermagnesemia

> 4.5 mg/dL, high level of phosphate in the blood

Hyperphosphatemia

< 2.5 mg/dL, low level of phosphate in the blood

Hypophosphatemia

< 8.5 mg/dL, low level of calcium in the blood

Hypocalcemia

> 10.5 mg//dL, high level of calcium in the blood

Hypercalcemia

What facilitates the absorption of calcium?

Vitamin D

An increase in calcium in the blood means a

decrease of phosphate

A decrease of calcium in the blood means a

increase of phosphate

Hyperkalemia is associated with

Metabolic Acidosis

Hypokalemia is associated with

Metabolic Alkalosis

For Hypokalemia what does the ECG look like?

Depression of ST segment, U wave

Excessive water loss due to high concentration of sodium in the blood

Hypernatremia

Decreased serum sodium with increased ECF volume

Hypervolemic hyponatremia

decreased serum sodium with decreased ECF volume

Hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

decreased serum sodium with normal ECF

Normovolemic hyponatremia