Earth and space Cartes | Quizlet

A layer of permanently frozen soil

Define permafrost

* Land sinks or changes shape, damaging buildings.

* Soil erosion increases.

* Sediments accumulate in rivers, making them shallower and harming plant and animal life.

* Landslides become more frequent as melted soil slips off the frozen layer.

* Carbon dioxide and methane are released into the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect.

* The type and number of plant species change.

* Primary productivity increases due to greater nutrients and a longer, warmer growing season.

consequences of a rise in temperature in the permafrost

Carbon is an element found in the environment in many different forms .

I can describe transformations related to the circulation of carbon in the environment .

atmosphere :as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄).

biosphere: Part of tissues in living organisms and dead organic matter.

hydrosphere: as dissolved water .

lithosphere :in rocks, sediments, and fossil fuels. Skeletons

Carbon found in environment different forms

Photosynthesis : CO2 is converted into glucose , CeH2O . Consumers eat producers and carbon thus circulates within the biosphere .

Examples of the Transformation of Carbon in our Environment Atmosphere Biosphere

CO2 dissolves in water

Transformation of Carbon in our Environment Atmosphere Hydrosphere

CO2 is returned to the atmosphere through cellular respiration of consumers , forest fires , etc. CO2 and CH are produced by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes .

Examples of the Transformation of Carbon in our Environment Biosphere Atmosphere

CO2 dissolved in water in the form of CaCO3 becomes part of shells and skeletons . It can then convert to carbonate rock or form fossil fuels .

Examples of the Transformation of Carbon in our Environment Hydrosphere Lithosphere

. Carbon rock can release CO2 during volcanic eruptions . Burning of fossil fuels releases CO2 .

Examples of the Transformation of Carbon in our Environment Lithosphere Atmosphere

Photosynthesis: CO₂ is converted into glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆. Consumers eat producers and carbon thus circulates within the biosphere." Respiration: CO₂ is returned to the atmosphere through cellular respiration of consumers, forest fires,

Role of Photosynthesis and Respiration in the Carbon Cycle

1. Burning fossil fuels (combustion) releases CO₂.

2. More CO₂ enhances the greenhouse effect, warming the planet.

3. Warming thaws permafrost.

4. Thawing permafrost releases more CO₂ and methane CH4 (greenhouse gases).

5. The carbon cycle is disrupted, leading to climate change.

Relationship Between Combustion the Greenhouse Effect,Permafrost, green house gasses Carbon Cycle

a territory surrounding a waterway an area of land in which all the surface water drains into the same' place

define a catchment area

Excess fertilizer from a farm can seep into soil and be washed into rivers. Fertilizer contamination spreads down stream. Water pollution can travel hundreds of kilometers from the source.

• Other activities that disturb a watershed:

• Creating a reservoir or navigation channel

• Building irrigation projects

• Draining or filling wetlands

impacts of human activity on the waterways in a catchment area

a measure of the quantity of salt in a solution

define salinity

A solution with more salt dissolved in it will have a higher salinity and also a higher density .

A solution with less salt dissolved in it will have a lower salinity and also a lower density . Therefore freshwater is less dense than ocean water

How does Salinity work

carry water as deep as 400 m and are caused by wind . They generally move water across the Earth horizontally .

factors that affect the circulation of surface currents

are caused by the density of water

1) temperature of water 2) salinity of the water

Deep currents affected two factors : and cause

like a conveyor belt which moves warm and cold water around the Earth . moves heat from equator to poles

thermohaline circulation function

regulates temperature preventing extreme cold at the poles and extreme heat around the equator .

Thermohaline circulation role

glaciers form on land and pack ice forms in the ocean.

What's difference between glacier and pack ice

Melting of pack ice doesnt effect ocean levels

Formation: Cold temperatures freeze the top layer of ocean water.

* Salt exclusion: The freezing process removes salt, making pack ice freshwater.

* Transportation: Wind and accumulation during winter.

* Impact of melting: Reduced sunlight reflection, leading to warming.

Impacts: loss of habitat slowing of thermohaline circulation and reflectivity solar decreased

Pack ice how form, transport, causes, impacts

Melting glaciers DO effect ocean levels form on land increase sea levels slowing of thermohaline circulation and less solar radiation is deflected back into space

Glacier sea levels and formation and impacts

A natural process that allows the Earth to retain heat from the Sun

The Greenhouse Effect :definition

1. The sun's rays reach Earth and is absorbed by the ground

2. Once heated , the ground releases infrared rays into the atmosphere . Some of these rays pass through our atmosphere and are lost in space .

3. Greenhouse gases ( CO2 ) trap some of the infrared rays and send them back to heat the Earth .

The Greenhouse Effect : Process

We are releasing too much CO2 into the air because we are burning too much fossil fuel, and so

more infrared heat is trapped on Earth. As a result the temperature is rising and there is global

warming

consequences of a higher concentration of greenhouse gases .

These include coal, oil, and natural gas. They are burned to produce heat, which then drives turbines to generate electricity.produces atmospheric pollutants including Non - Renewable greenhouse gases carbon dioxide CO2 , methane ( CH4 and nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) . production of acid rain

* Fossil Fuels: is it renewable impacts

Uranium Non renewable is a fuel used in nuclear power plants. Nuclear fission generates heat, which is then used to produce steam and drive turbines to generate electricity. Nuclear waste is highly toxic

Uranium is it renewable impacts

Low atmospheric pollution compared to fossil fuels Renewable plants contains hot ground water used in geothermal mercury , hydrogen sulfide arsenic and ammonia chemicals released in to water supply or atmosphere through steam

Geothermal is it renewable impacts

Renewable building of dams often floods large areas of land affecting habitat of various plant and animal species Hydroelectric power uses the energy of moving water (typically from rivers) to spin turbines and generate electricity.

Hydroelectric is it renewable impacts

disturb aquatic ecosystems Does not release atmospheric pollutants . Tidal barrages can interfere with fish migration

Tidal energy uses the rise and fall of tides to generate electricity. This can be done using underwater turbines or barrages.

Wave Tidal is it renewable impacts

Renewable release Turbines can produce sound pollution Birds can collide with the wind turbines Wind turbines use the kinetic energy of the wind to spin blades, which turn a generator to produce electricity.

Wind is it renewable or not and impacts

Renewable disrupt the visual appeal of the landscape solar panels use sun light to produce energy

Solar is it renewable impacts