Science: Unit 1- Space-

Goldilocks Principle

Everything had to be just right for Earth to survive

• Jupiter stops astroids

• Location from sun- liquid water, temperature

• Creation of moon

• Magnetic field protection

• Metals from astroids

Planetary System

Collection of large and small bodies that orbit a central star (or star system)

Galaxy

A large group of dust, gas, and stars held together by gravity

Spiral Galaxy

• Central bulge + arms and legs

• Bulge contains old stars

• Arms contain gas, dust, and younger stars

• OUR GALAXY- the milky way

Elliptical Galaxy

• resembles snowball

• Largest galaxy

• Little free gas- few new stars

Irregular Galaxy

• no clear shape

• Some form when 2 other galaxies collide

Luminosity

Actual brightness of a star

HR Diagram

Scatter plot showing a relationship between a stars temperature and luminosity

Nebula

Giant cloud of dust and gas in space

Protostar

• formed from nebula

• Gravity pulls dust/gas together

• Nuclear fusion happens

• Light/heat are emitted

Main sequence star

• fusion continues

• Longest cycle of stars life

• Light/heat continue to be emitted

Supergiant- if star has high mass, red giant- if star has low mass

• Hydrogen all used up

• Now helium atoms start fusing together

• Core collapses but atmosphere spreads out cooler, red star

Supernova (created if star comes from supergiant and has a large mass)

• Collapses of a massive star as its hydrogen depletes

• Creates a giant explosion

White Dwarf (created from a red giant, if star has a lower mass)

• Helium all used up

• Many stars will shrink into a hot, glowing object

• Light will eventually fade out

• Collapses in on itself

Black Hole- comes from supernova if the star has the largest mass

• most massive stars contract even more, most dense objects

Pulsar

• Pulsating neutron star

• Spinning neutron star, sends out radiation

Neutron Star

Tiny ball of neutrons, very dense

Contrast the types of galaxies:

The three galaxies (spiral, irregular, elliptical) have all different characteristics like size and shape, and also the amount of gases and stars

Describe a life cycle of a star:

Depending on where the star lies on the HR Diagram, means what it will evolve into. (EX: a star with 10,000 luminosity and 5,000 temperature would be a supergiant, so they would die off quicker because supergiants burn through their fuel much faster than other stars)

Relate a stars temperature and color:

Look at the diagram and determine where it falls in the grouping

What makes up the universe?

Planets, planetary systems, galaxies, gas/dust

How do stars change over time?

Go through stages

Why is gravity important in the solar system?

To keep everything where it is, and to make sure the planets stay aligned

What are the properties of our sun?

Full of gas

What is known about terrestrial gas giant planets?

Terrestrial- Smaller, rocky, minimal moons

Gas Giants- largest, gaseous, many moons and rings

What else is found in our solar system besides the sun, planets, and moons?

Belts, clouds, etc.

Solar Nebula

Cloud of dust, gas, and debris

• Becomes a protest star because there will be an explosion inside which forms the protostar

Protostar

First form of a star

• first stage of life

• Ice and rock

Comets

• ice and dust that orbit the sun

• Ice and dust vaporize, creating the tail

* Remember tip: Comet is a dog name, dogs have tails

Astroids

• Small rocky bodies that orbit the sun

• Smaller than planets, larger than medoriods

Meteoroids

• Fragments of astroids or comets that DON’T orbit the sun

• Only streak when in atmosphere- meteor

• Called meteorites when it hits earth

Meteorite

• meteoroid that has reached Earths surface without burning up

Astroid Belt

• Over 100,000 rocky bodies, with 1 dwarf planet (ceres)

• In between mars and jupiter

Kuiper Belt

• over 100,000 icy/rocky bodies and dwarf planets (pluto)

• After neptune

Oort Cloud

Comets, left over dust

*spherical

Planets in order

Mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

Terrestrial vs Gas vs Ice planets

Terrestrial: mercury, venus, Earth, mars

Gas: Jupiter, saturn

Ice: Uranus, Neptune

Formation of solar system

Supernova, gravity made planets

General Spacing of the planets in solar system

• ice planets will melt if too close

• Need enough space to clear eachother

How are Earth days, years, and seasons related to how earth moves in space?

Because how earth rotates on its axis creates days

How earth has revolutions around the sun creates years

How the tilt of the earth towards the sun affects seasons

How do the Earth , the moon, and the sun affect each other?

the moon and sun both effect earths tides, the earth keeps the moon from flying away, and the sun makes the earth warm

What causes tides?

The sun and the moon

Waxing

Gaining light

Waning

Loosing light

Quarter moon

Half of the moon is light and half of the moon is dark

Gibbous Moon

Shape- after first quarter and before last quarter

New moon

• moon is completely dark

• When solar eclipse could happen

Solar Eclipse

• sun is being blocked

• Order: sun- moon- earth

• Smaller shadow

• Happens when new moon faze

Lunar eclipse

• moon is being blocked

• Order: sun- earth- moon

• Happens during full moon

• Larger shadow

Crescent Moon

Before first quarter, after last quarter.

Only a ¼ of light on moon

Full Moon

All of the moon has light/is exposed

Lunar ellipse could happen.

Tidal Range

Difference between high tide and low tide at a location

Spring Tide

Higher high tide, and lower low tide (more extreme)

The sun and moon work together on the tide. You have a higher tide (sun adds to the Moons tide)

Neap Tide

Lowest/most neutral tides because the moon and sun are working against eachother

Solstice

Largest difference in light and dark during 1 day- June and December

Equinox

Equal hours of light and dark- March and September

Describe the movement of the earth in the solar system and how that influencers what we experience on earth (rotation vs. revolution)

Rotation: earth rotating on axis - creates night and day

Revolution: earth orbiting around the sun- creates seasons

Identify the phases of the moon

First quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, waning Crescent, new moon, waxing crescent.

Compare and contrast, lunar and solar eclipses

Lunar eclipse: the moon has been blocked. The order is sun, Earth, than moon. This happens during a full moon. Has a larger shadow than solar eclipse

Solar eclipse: sun is being blocked. The order is sun, moon, earth. Happens during new moon, and has a smaller shadow.

Explain how the moon and the sun created tides

The moon and sun work together to create tides because the water is being pulled by both of them, making them high tides or low tides

How spring and neap tides are created

Spring: the sun in the moon work together on the tides, adding to each other, making them more extreme tides, so higher high tides and lower low tides

Neap: the sun and moon are working against each other, making them more neutral or lower tides

Explain how the tilt of the Earth creates seasons in the significance of solstices and equinoxes in this process

Tilt of Earth creates seasons because it makes it so different sides of the earth get exposed to the sun at different times. The solstices and equinoxes mark the new beginnings of the seasons (maybe time changes).

Relate the amount of daylight during a 24 hour period to the tilt of the earth

Depending on which season you are in, there would be less or more daylight. So, if you are tilted away from the sun, you would get less daylight then the people tilted towards the sun.

Relate the height of the sun at noon to the seasons/tilt of the earth

Depending on what season you are in, the height of the sun will be different. (Winter- lower, Summer- higher)